{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:42:48Z","timestamp":1792453368623,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Arba Minch University","award":["GOV\/AMU\/TH\/CMHS\/NUR\/DSS\/03\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOV\/AMU\/TH\/CMHS\/NUR\/DSS\/03\/10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prenatal anxiety and depression are major health problems all over the world. The negative sequela of prenatal comorbid anxiety and depression (CAD) has been suggested to be higher than that of anxiety or depression alone. CAD increases the odds of preterm birth, low birth weight, prolonged labor, operative deliveries, postpartum psychiatric disorders and long term cognitive impairment for the newborn. Despite its significant ill consequences, there is a dearth of studies in low-and middle-income countries. So far, to the best of our knowledge, no study assessed the prevalence of CAD in Ethiopia. Hence, the purpose of this study was to assess CAD and associated factors among pregnant women in Arba Minch Zuria district, Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 676 pregnant women from January 01 to November 30, 2019. Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scales were used to assess depression and anxiety respectively. The data were collected electronically using an open data kit (ODK) collect android application and analyzed using Stata version 15.0. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were carried out to identify factors associated with CAD using binary logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at p-value &lt; 0.05.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 667 women were involved. The prevalence of CAD was 10.04% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.76, 12.33]. Being married [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.16, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.56], categorized in the highest wealth quintile [AOR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.17, 6.84], having medical illness [AOR: 3.56, 95% CI: 1.68, 7.54], encountering pregnancy danger signs [AOR: 2.66, 95% CI: 1.06, 6.67], experiencing life-threatening events [AOR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.15, 3.92] and household food insecurity [AOR: 3.51, 95% CI: 1.85, 6.64] were significantly associated with CAD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In general, one in every ten women faced CAD in the study area. Nutritional interventions, early identification and treatment of pregnancy-related illness and medical ailments, prenatal mental health problems screening and interventions are imperative to minimize the risk of CAD in pregnant women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T18:38:15Z","timestamp":1615401495000},"page":"e0248331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Comorbid anxiety and depression: Prevalence and associated factors among pregnant women in Arba Minch zuria district, Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0583-6635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Agegnehu","family":"Bante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4366-4128","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abera","family":"Mersha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zerihun","family":"Zerdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biresaw","family":"Wassihun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Yeheyis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0248331.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014) Maternal mental health."},{"key":"pone.0248331.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.11.014","article-title":"Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: a systematic review","volume":"191","author":"A Biaggi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of affective disorders"},{"key":"pone.0248331.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2018.06.020","article-title":"Burden of common mental disorders among pregnant women: A systematic review.","volume":"36","author":"S Jha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian journal of psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0248331.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000617","article-title":"The prevalence of antenatal and postnatal co-morbid anxiety and depression: a meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"K Falah-Hassani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0248331.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.11.006","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in Singaporean high-risk pregnancies\u2014prevalence and screening","volume":"35","author":"P Thiagayson","year":"2013","journal-title":"General hospital psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0248331.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197295","article-title":"Comorbid Anxiety and Depression among Pregnant Pakistani Women: Higher Rates, Different Vulnerability Characteristics, and the Role of Perceived Stress.","volume":"17","author":"SS Premji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0248331.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.086","article-title":"Comorbid anxiety and depression (CAD) at early stages of the pregnancy. 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