{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:23:15Z","timestamp":1790310195716,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004903","name":"Pennsylvania Department of Transportation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["44166109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["44166109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004903","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A total of 163\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates; 113 from mastitic milk (MM) and 50 from bulk tank milk (BTM) (2008, 2013\u20132015) submitted for bacteriologic analysis at the Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory were examined for their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis identified 16 unique sequence types (STs) which belonged to eight clonal complexes (CCs). Majority of the isolates were variants of CC97 (68.7%) and CC151 (25.1%). CC97 comprised of seven STs, of which two were new STs (ST3273, ST3274), while CC151 comprised of three STs of which ST3272 was identified for the first time. Several farms had more than one ST type that were either members of the same clonal complex or unrelated STs. On one farm, six different STs of both categories were seen over the years within the farm. It was observed that ST352 and ST151 were the two main clonal populations in cattle not only in Pennsylvania but also globally. Most isolates were susceptible to all the antibiotics evaluated. 6.7% of isolates showed resistance to vancomycin and penicillin. Two isolates of ST398 showed multidrug resistance (&gt;3 antibiotics) against clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and penicillin. It was noted that 59 of 163 (36.2%) isolates encoded for enterotoxigenic genes. Enterotoxin genes\n                    <jats:italic>seg\/sei<\/jats:italic>\n                    accounted for ~85% of enterotoxin positive isolates. Toxic shock syndrome gene\n                    <jats:italic>tsst-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone was positive in two isolates (ST352, ST 2187). 97.5% of CC151 isolates were enterotoxin\n                    <jats:italic>seg<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>sei<\/jats:italic>\n                    positive. Most isolates were positive for\n                    <jats:italic>lukED<\/jats:italic>\n                    (95%) and\n                    <jats:italic>lukAB<\/jats:italic>\n                    (96.3%) leukotoxin genes. Bovine specific bi-component leucocidin\n                    <jats:italic>lukMF\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                    was present in 54% of isolates. A prominent observation of this study was the explicit association of\n                    <jats:italic>lukMF\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                    with lineages ST151 and ST352. In conclusion, the findings of the study, suggest that small number of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    STs types (ST352, ST2187, ST3028, and ST151) are associated with majority of cases of bovine mastitis in Pennsylvania dairy farms. It was observed that one ST of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    predominated in the herd and this ST can coexist with several other ST types of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains. When STs were interpreted along with virulence, leucocidin genes and antimicrobial resistance, ST-variants allowed better interpretation of the\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    molecular epidemiologic findings specifically for tracing recurrence or persistence of infections in cow over time, among cows in the herd, and between herds in Pennsylvania.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T13:31:01Z","timestamp":1615555861000},"page":"e0248528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Prevalence and distribution of multilocus sequence types of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank milk and cows with mastitis in Pennsylvania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0293-5403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asha","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubhada","family":"Chothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2548-1299","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maurice","family":"Byukusenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tammy","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Traci","family":"Pierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhashinie","family":"Kariyawasam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Luley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Kuchipudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0594-4612","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bhushan","family":"Jayarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0248528.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9493","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14824","article-title":"Pathogen-specific production losses in bovine mastitis","volume":"101","author":"AM Heikkil\u00e4","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0789-1","article-title":"Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw milk sources in Victoria","volume":"16","author":"K McMillan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Australia. BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72256-1","article-title":"Invited Review: The role of cow, pathogen, and treatment regimen in the therapeutic success of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis","volume":"89","author":"HW Barkema","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0248528.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12698","article-title":"Knowledge gaps and research priorities in Staphylococcus aureus mastitis control","volume":"65","author":"P Rainard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.03.010","article-title":"Update on control of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae for management of mastitis","volume":"28","author":"G Keefe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13336","article-title":"Canadian National Dairy Study: Herd-level milk quality","volume":"101","author":"CA Bauman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00204-9","article-title":"The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infections from subclinical mastitis in dairy cows during a control programme","volume":"96","author":"J Sommerh\u00e4user","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00381-3","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus associated with mammary glands of cows: genotyping to distinguish different strains among herds","volume":"80","author":"YS Joo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6828","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-9074","article-title":"Genomic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with high within-herd prevalence of intramammary infections in dairy cows","volume":"98","author":"P Cremonesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E252","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10060252","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Toxins and Their Molecular Activity in Infectious Diseases","volume":"10i","author":"D Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2008.11.005","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus: new evidence for intracellular persistence","volume":"17","author":"C Garzoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.06.005","article-title":"Population structure and antimicrobial profile of Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with bovine mastitis in China","volume":"97","author":"L Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00511","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Mastitis and Close Human Contacts in South African Dairy Herds: Genetic Diversity and Inter-Species Host Transmission","volume":"8","author":"T Schmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2007.01.013","article-title":"Comparison of multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) for genetic typing of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"69","author":"DC Melles","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01940-09","article-title":"Genetic variation among Staphylococcus aureus strains from bovine milk and their relevance to methicillin-resistant isolates from humans","volume":"48","author":"E Hata","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201000698","article-title":"Genomic and proteomic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis isolates of bovine origin","volume":"11","author":"C Wolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0134592","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134592","article-title":"Extensive genomic diversity among bovine-adapted Staphylococcus aureus: evidence for a genomic rearrangement within CC97","volume":"10","author":"K. E. Budd","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03356.x","article-title":"Virulence genes of bovine Staphylococcus aureus from persistent and nonpersistent intramammary infections with different clinical characteristics","volume":"103","author":"M Haveri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-56-2","article-title":"Associations between bacterial genotype and outcome of bovine clinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis","volume":"56","author":"A Lundberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4737-4743.2005","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of intercontinental bovine Staphylococcus aureus isolates","volume":"43","author":"E. M. Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1430","article-title":"Mastitis-related subtypes of bovine Staphylococcus aureus are characterized by different clinical properties","volume":"92","author":"HU Graber","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2016.2222","article-title":"Evaluation of Three Bacterial Identification Systems for Species Identification of Bacteria Isolated from Bovine Mastitis and Bulk Tank Milk Samples","volume":"14","author":"E Savage","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref023","volume-title":"CLSI. 2008; M31-A3","edition":"3"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.857-862.2002","article-title":"Detection of seg, seh, and sei genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates and determination of the enterotoxin productivities of S. aureus isolates Harboring seg, seh, or sei genes","volume":"40","author":"K Omoe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37759","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37759","article-title":"LukMF\u2019 is the major secreted leukocidin of bovine Staphylococcus aureus and is produced in vivo during bovine mastitis","volume":"6","author":"M Vrieling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.8.2446-2449.1999","article-title":"Involvement of enterotoxins G and I in staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal scarlet fever","volume":"37","author":"S Jarraud","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00806.x","article-title":"Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains involved in human and bovine mastitis","volume":"62","author":"S Delgado","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1008-1015.2000","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"38","author":"MC Enright","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw582","article-title":"PHYLOViZ 2.0: providing scalable data integration and visualization for multiple phylogenetic inference methods","volume":"33","author":"M. Nascimento","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0248528.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets","volume":"33","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0248528.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.12.1230","article-title":"Sequence type analysis and recombinational tests (START)","volume":"17","author":"KA Jolley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref032","first-page":"844","article-title":"Genotypes and Phenotypes of Staphylococci on Selected Dairy Farms in Vermont","author":"R Mugabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graduate College Dissertations and Theses"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14826.1","article-title":"Open-access bacterial population genomics: BIGSdb software, the PubMLST.org website and their applications","volume":"3","author":"KA Jolley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0290","article-title":"Molecular dating of human-to-bovid host jumps by Staphylococcus aureus reveals an association with the spread of domestication","volume":"8","author":"LA Weinert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4956","article-title":"Mobile elements drive recombination hotspots in the core genome of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"5","author":"RG Everitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00917","article-title":"Pathogenic Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Endovascular Infection Isolates from Different Clonal Complexes","volume":"8","author":"D P\u00e9rez-Montarelo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.08.003","article-title":"New host shift from human to cows within Staphylococcus aureus involved in bovine mastitis and nasal carriage of animal\u2019s caretakers","volume":"223","author":"M Akkou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15317","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus related to bovine mastitis in Switzerland: Clonal diversity, virulence gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance of isolates collected throughout 2017","volume":"102","author":"N K\u00e4ppeli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5908","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00238-11","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus host range and human-bovine host shift","volume":"77","author":"O Sakwinska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.08.031","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolated from milk of cows with subclinical mastitis","volume":"124","author":"ECR Bonsaglia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01123","article-title":"Prevalence and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Cultured from Raw Milk Taken from Dairy Cows with Mastitis in Beijing, China","volume":"9","author":"W Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.01.003","article-title":"Genomic investigation of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bulk tank milk and dairy cows with clinical mastitis","volume":"215","author":"T Ronco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1558-1","article-title":"Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk samples of dairy cows in small holder farms of North-Western Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"SA Mekonnen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-43-42","article-title":"Leukocidin genes lukF-P83 and lukM are associated with Staphylococcus aureus clonal complexes 151, 479 and 133 isolated from bovine udder infections in Thuringia, Germany","volume":"43","author":"K. Schlotter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Res"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-019-01722-z","article-title":"Genotyping and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy ruminants: differences in the distribution of clonal types between cattle and small ruminants","volume":"202","author":"HD Saei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0162256","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162256","article-title":"Prevalence and Characterization of Oxacillin Susceptible mecA Positive Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus causing bovine Mastitis in India","volume":"11","author":"H Mistry","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17181","article-title":"Short communication: Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from bulk tank milk of dairy cattle in Lombardy (northern Italy)","volume":"103","author":"A Gazzola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8352","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8352-8361.2005","article-title":"Genetic variation among Staphylococcus aureus strains from Norwegian bulk milk","volume":"71","author":"HJ J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/015289-0","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus host specificity: comparative genomics of human versus animal isolates by multi-strain microarray","volume":"154","author":"JM Sung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-28","article-title":"Effect of lactation therapy on Staphylococcus aureus transmission dynamics in two commercial dairy herds","volume":"9","author":"JW Barlow","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref051","first-page":"127","article-title":"Molecular Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus causing Bovine Mastitis between 2014 and 2015","volume":"7","author":"T Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-019-00698-z","article-title":"Characterisation of mecA gene negative Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis milk from Northern Germany","volume":"64","author":"OH Sheet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol (Praha)"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.010","article-title":"Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine milk in Hungary","volume":"118","author":"F Peles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref054","first-page":"4273427","article-title":"Prevalence of enterotoxin genes and antimicrobial resistance of coagulase-positive staphylococci recovered from raw cow milk","volume":"98","author":"JG Rola","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0116699","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116699","article-title":"Characterization of methicillin-resistant and -susceptible staphylococcal isolates from bovine milk in northwestern china","volume":"10","author":"L Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.10.024","article-title":"The relationship between clinical signs and microbiological species, spa type, and antimicrobial resistance in bovine mastitis cases in Austria","volume":"227","author":"A Schabauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15135","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance profiles of 5 common bovine mastitis pathogens in large Chinese dairy herds","volume":"102","author":"J Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.10.022","article-title":"First report of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates from subclinical bovine mastitis in the South of Brazil harboring resistance gene dfrG and transposon family Tn916-1545","volume":"113","author":"L Haubert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.3.1222-1224.2005","article-title":"Potential clindamycin resistance in clindamycin-susceptible, erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: report of a clinical failure","volume":"49","author":"TP Levin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.11.021","article-title":"VetPath Study Group. Monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of udder pathogens recovered from cases of clinical mastitis in dairy cows across Europe: VetPath results","volume":"213","author":"A de Jong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1376-5","article-title":"Characterization of the resistance class 1 integrons in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk of lactating dairy cattle in Northwestern China","volume":"14","author":"L Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2487-y","article-title":"Prevalence, and antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus in dairy farms, abattoir and humans in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"T Beyene","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01442-06","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus strains that are hypersusceptible to resistance gene transfer from enterococci","volume":"51","author":"JM Sung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2424","article-title":"Analysis of the Genetic Diversity in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis Case in Xinjiang, China","volume":"15","author":"Y Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0730","article-title":"Impact of antibiotic use in adult dairy cows on antimicrobial resistance of veterinary and human pathogens: a comprehensive review","volume":"8","author":"SP Oliver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.03.013","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus toxins-their functions and genetics","volume":"21","author":"D Grumann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.3.274","article-title":"Prevalence of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of cows with mastitis","volume":"3","author":"V Srinivasan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.12.004","article-title":"Molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitic milk on the basis of toxin genes and coagulase gene polymorphisms","volume":"105","author":"K Katsuda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.5.959-964.2001","article-title":"Toxin genes and other characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk of cows with mastitis","volume":"8","author":"O Akineden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-014-3436-2","article-title":"Comparative analysis of superantigen genes in Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from a single mammary quarter of cows with mastitis","volume":"52","author":"K Fija\u0142kowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.55.297","article-title":"Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from peracute, acute and chronic bovine mastitis","volume":"55","author":"T Matsunaga","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2000.d01-98.x","article-title":"Characterisation of isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from acute, chronic, and subclinical mastitis in cows in Norway","volume":"108","author":"T Tollersrud","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00088","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00088-17","article-title":"Mobile Genetic Elements Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"31","author":"SR Partridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00055-13","article-title":"The bicomponent pore-forming leucocidins of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"78","author":"F Alonzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.07.006","article-title":"Leukotoxin family genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from domestic animals and prevalence of lukM-lukF-PV genes by bacteriophages in bovine isolates","volume":"110","author":"T Yamada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10794","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305121110","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus LukAB cytotoxin kills human neutrophils by targeting the CD11b subunit of the integrin Mac-1","volume":"110","author":"AL DuMont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.3.1278-1284.2005","article-title":"Cytotoxin and pyrogenic toxin superantigen gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy cows and relationships with macrorestriction genomic profiles","volume":"43","author":"JM Fueyo","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11724","article-title":"CCR5 is a receptor for Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxin ED","volume":"493","author":"F Alonzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.09.005","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxin ED targets the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 to kill leukocytes and promote infection","volume":"14","author":"T Reyes-Robles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5438","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6438","article-title":"The staphylococcal toxins \u03b3-haemolysin AB and CB differentially target phagocytes by employing specific chemokine receptors","volume":"5","author":"AN Spaan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.05.016","article-title":"Microarray based study on virulence-associated genes and resistance determinants of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cattle","volume":"125","author":"S Monecke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47357-0","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from cows with mastitis in Brazilian dairy herds","volume":"56","author":"RF Rabello","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00063","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00063-20","article-title":"Genomic Analysis of Bovine Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Milk to Elucidate Diversity and Determine the Distributions of Antimicrobial and Virulence Genes and Their Association with Mastitis","volume":"5","author":"S Naushad","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.08.024","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance, virulence gene profile and molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy cows in Xinjiang Province, northwest China","volume":"16","author":"M Dan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9010001","article-title":"Characterization of Antibiotic and Biocide Resistance Genes and Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus Species Associated with Bovine Mastitis in Rwanda","volume":"9","author":"FI Ant\u00f3k","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281\/a000470","article-title":"Resistance profiles and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli strains isolated from acute bovine mastitis","volume":"155","author":"A Moser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6587","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6587","article-title":"Staphylococcus spp. associated with subclinical bovine mastitis in central and northeast provinces of Thailand","volume":"7","author":"N Pumipuntu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"pone.0248528.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0278","article-title":"Molecular Characterization and Clonal Diversity of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Isolates of Milk of Cows with Clinical Mastitis in Tunisia","volume":"24","author":"A Klibi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0248528","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T13:32:01Z","timestamp":1615555921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0248528"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yung-Fu","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0248528","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]}}}