{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:27:06Z","timestamp":1791664026731,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\n Aim<\/jats:title>\n This report presents phenotypic and genetic data on the prevalence and characteristics of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs) and representative carbapenemases-producing Gram-negative species in Mexico.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 52 centers participated, 43 hospital-based laboratories and 9 external laboratories. The distribution of antimicrobial resistance data for\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n complex,\n Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n complex, and\n Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n in selected clinical specimens from January 1 to March 31, 2020 was analyzed using the WHONET 5.6 platform. The following clinical isolates recovered from selected specimens were included: carbapenem-resistant\n Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n , ESBL or carbapenem-resistant\n E<\/jats:italic>\n .\n coli<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n K<\/jats:italic>\n .\n pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n , carbapenem-resistant\n A<\/jats:italic>\n .\n baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n complex, and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n . Strains were genotyped to detect ESBL and\/or carbapenemase-encoding genes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among blood isolates,\n A<\/jats:italic>\n .\n baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n complex showed more than 68% resistance for all antibiotics tested, and among Enterobacteria,\n E<\/jats:italic>\n .\n cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n complex showed higher resistance to carbapenems.\n A<\/jats:italic>\n .\n baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n complex showed a higher resistance pattern for respiratory specimens, with only amikacin having a resistance lower than 70%. Among\n K<\/jats:italic>\n .\n pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n isolates,\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n TEM<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n SHV<\/jats:sub>\n , and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX<\/jats:sub>\n were detected in 68.79%, 72.3%, and 91.9% of isolates, respectively. Among\n E<\/jats:italic>\n .\n coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates,\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n TEM<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n SHV<\/jats:sub>\n , and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX<\/jats:sub>\n were detected in 20.8%, 4.53%, and 85.7% isolates, respectively. For both species, the most frequent genotype was\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>\n . Among\n Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n , the most frequently detected carbapenemase-encoding gene was\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM-1<\/jats:sub>\n (81.5%), followed by\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-232<\/jats:sub>\n (14.8%) and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n oxa-181<\/jats:sub>\n (7.4%), in\n A<\/jats:italic>\n .\n baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n was\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-24<\/jats:sub>\n (76%) and in\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n , was\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n IMP<\/jats:sub>\n (25.3%), followed by\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n GES<\/jats:sub>\n and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n VIM<\/jats:sub>\n (13.1% each).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Our study reports that NDM-1 is the most frequent carbapenemase-encoding gene in Mexico in Enterobacteriaceae with the circulation of the oxacillinase genes 181 and 232. KPC, in contrast to other countries in Latin America and the USA, is a rare occurrence. Additionally, a high circulation of ESBL\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>\n exists in both\n E<\/jats:italic>\n .\n coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n K<\/jats:italic>\n .\n pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T13:43:59Z","timestamp":1615988639000},"page":"e0248614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Drug resistance phenotypes and genotypes in Mexico in representative gram-negative species: Results from the infivar 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