{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:01:19Z","timestamp":1787022079985,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University (US) - College of Health and Human Development"},{"name":"Pennsylvania State University (US) - Africana Research Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005280","name":"American Association of University Women","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Gestational iron deficiency (ID) can be deleterious to mother and fetus. However, iron status is not routinely measured during pregnancy in Ghana. Therefore, the scope of ID in this population is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To determine the prevalence of anemia and ID across pregnancy in the Central Region of Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Women were recruited during their 1\n st<\/jats:sup>\n trimester of pregnancy (< 13 weeks; n = 116) and followed through to their 2\n nd<\/jats:sup>\n (n = 71) and 3\n rd<\/jats:sup>\n (n = 71) trimesters. Data on socio-demographic variables, weekly intake of iron-rich foods and vitamin C-rich fruits were collected. Blood samples were drawn and the concentrations of hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin (Ft), serum iron (sFe), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), were measured; transferrin saturation (TSAT) was calculated. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine change in anemia and iron variables over time with groups categorized by 1\n st<\/jats:sup>\n trimester iron status.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Participants were 27.1 \u00b1 5.2 years, on average. Prevalence of anemia (Hb <11.0 g\/dL) was 37%, 63%, 58%; ID (Ft <15 \u03bcg\/L) was 16%, 20%, 38%; and iron deficiency anemia (IDA; based on low Ft and Hb) was 6%, 12%, 25% in 1\n st<\/jats:sup>\n , 2\n nd<\/jats:sup>\n and 3\n rd<\/jats:sup>\n trimesters, respectively. Significant changes in Hb, Ft and TIBC occurred across time. Iron status at 1\n st<\/jats:sup>\n trimester had a significant effect on 2\n nd<\/jats:sup>\n but not 3\n rd<\/jats:sup>\n trimester iron status.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n ID is prevalent in pregnant Ghanaian women, especially during the 3\n rd<\/jats:sup>\n trimester. Anemia is a major public health problem during pregnancy in Ghana with a significant proportion due to factors other than ID.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T13:33:43Z","timestamp":1616592823000},"page":"e0248754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency among pregnant Ghanaian women, a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ruth A.","family":"Pobee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2691-1764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacob","family":"Setorglo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2447-9020","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Moses","family":"Klevor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5836-9471","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura E.","family":"Murray-Kolb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0248754.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1468S","article-title":"Iron deficiency alters brain development and functioning","volume":"133","author":"J Beard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0248754.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e454601","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/454601","article-title":"Preventive treatments of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy: A review of their effectiveness and implications for health system strengthening","volume":"2012","author":"KO Osungbade","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pregnancy"},{"key":"pone.0248754.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2014.04.025","article-title":"Iron deficiency is associated with food insecurity in pregnant females in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999\u20132010","volume":"114","author":"CY Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"pone.0248754.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1280s","article-title":"Anemia and iron deficiency: Effects on pregnancy outcome","volume":"71","author":"LH Allen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0248754.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.2.443S","article-title":"Anemia, iron and pregnancy outcome","volume":"130","author":"TO Scholl","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0248754.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2006.may.S34-S43","article-title":"Long-lasting neural and behavioral effects of iron deficiency in infancy","volume":"64","author":"B Lozoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"pone.0248754.ref007","volume-title":"Guidelines for the use of iron supplements to prevent and treat iron deficiency anemia","author":"RJ Stoltzfus","year":"1999"},{"key":"pone.0248754.ref008","unstructured":"Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. 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