{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:17:28Z","timestamp":1790047048582,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011264","name":"FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["327845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["327845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011264","name":"FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["665919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["665919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ecological profiling of non-native species is essential to predict their dispersal and invasiveness potential across different areas of the world. <jats:italic>Cassiopea<\/jats:italic> is a monophyletic taxonomic group of scyphozoan mixotrophic jellyfish including <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>andromeda<\/jats:italic>, a recent colonizer of sheltered, shallow-water habitats of the Mediterranean Sea, such as harbors and other light-limited, eutrophic coastal habitats. To assess the ecophysiological plasticity of <jats:italic>Cassiopea<\/jats:italic> jellyfish and their potential to spread across the <jats:italic>Mare Nostrum<\/jats:italic> by secondary introductions, we investigated rapid photosynthetic responses of jellyfish to irradiance transitions\u2014from reduced to increased irradiance conditions (as paradigm of transition from harbors to coastal, meso\/oligotrophic habitats). Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out to compare oxygen fluxes and photobiological variables in <jats:italic>Cassiopea<\/jats:italic> sp. immature specimens pre-acclimated to low irradiance (PAR = 200 \u03bcmol photons m<jats:sup><jats:bold>\u2212<\/jats:bold>2<\/jats:sup> s<jats:sup><jats:bold>\u2212<\/jats:bold>1<\/jats:sup>) and specimens rapidly exposed to higher irradiance levels (PAR = 500 \u03bcmol photons m<jats:sup><jats:bold>\u2212<\/jats:bold>2<\/jats:sup> s<jats:sup><jats:bold>\u2212<\/jats:bold>1<\/jats:sup>). Comparable photosynthetic potential and high photosynthetic rates were measured at both irradiance values, as also shown by the rapid light curves. No significant differences were observed in terms of symbiont abundance between control and treated specimens. However, jellyfish kept at the low irradiance showed a higher content in chlorophyll <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic> (0.76\u00b10.51SD vs 0.46\u00b10.13SD mg g<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> AFDW) and a higher Ci (amount of chlorophyll per cell) compared to jellyfish exposed to higher irradiance levels. The ratio between gross photosynthesis and respiration (P:R) was &gt;1, indicating a significant input from the autotrophic metabolism. <jats:italic>Cassiopea<\/jats:italic> sp. specimens showed high photosynthetic performances, at both low and high irradiance, demonstrating high potential to adapt to sudden changes in light exposure. Such photosynthetic plasticity, combined with <jats:italic>Cassiopea<\/jats:italic> eurythermal tolerance and mixotrophic behavior, jointly suggest the upside-down jellyfish as a potentially successful invader in the scenario of a warming Mediterranean Sea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T17:24:01Z","timestamp":1616174641000},"page":"e0248814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["High photosynthetic plasticity may reinforce invasiveness of upside-down zooxanthellate jellyfish in Mediterranean coastal waters"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1371-8041","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marta","family":"Mammone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Ferrier-Pag\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Lavorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0893-0582","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucia","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8752-9390","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefano","family":"Piraino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0248814.ref001","unstructured":"CIESM (2001) Gelatinous zooplankton outbreaks: theory and practice. CIESM Workshop Series 14, CIESM, Naples"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1139\/z04-174","article-title":"Reverse development in Cnidaria","volume":"82","author":"S Piraino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10798","article-title":"Asexual reproduction strategies and blooming potential in Scyphozoa","volume":"510","author":"A Schiariti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074721","article-title":"Burst Feeding of Pelagia noctiluca ephyrae on Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) Eggs","volume":"8","author":"A Gordoa","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011888006302","article-title":"Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions?","volume":"451","author":"CE Mills","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrobiology"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2016.01.002","article-title":"Reproductive and bloom patterns of Pelagia noctiluca in the Strait of Messina, Italy","volume":"201","author":"G Milisenda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Estuar Coast Shelf Sci"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-0722-1","article-title":"Jellyfish Blooms: Ecological and Societal Importance","author":"JE Purcell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jellyfish Bloom Ecol Soc Importance"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12332","article-title":"Trophic interactions of the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca in the NW Mediterranean: evidence from stable isotope signatures and fatty acid composition","volume":"591","author":"U Tilves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07368","article-title":"Gelatinous plankton: Irregularities rule the world (sometimes)","volume":"356","author":"F Boero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.01.010","article-title":"The jellyfish joyride: causes, consequences and management responses to a more gelatinous future","volume":"24","author":"AJ Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120709-142751","article-title":"Jellyfish and Ctenophore Blooms Coincide with Human Proliferations and Environmental Perturbations","volume":"4","author":"JE Purcell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rev Mar Sci"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07093","article-title":"Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans: A review","volume":"350","author":"JE Purcell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref013","first-page":"1","article-title":"Jellyfish Impacts on Marine Aquaculture and Fisheries","volume":"0","author":"M Bosch-Belmar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Fish Sci Aquac"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7015-7_3","article-title":"Nonindigenous Marine Jellyfsh: Invasiveness, Invasibility, and Impacts","volume":"3","author":"KM Bayha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jellyfish blooms. Springer Science"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.07.008","article-title":"Systematic Revision of Symbiodiniaceae Highlights the Antiquity and Diversity of Coral Endosymbionts Article Systematic Revision of Symbiodiniaceae Highlights the Antiquity and Diversity of Coral Endosymbionts","volume":"28","author":"TC Lajeunesse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm328","article-title":"Photosynthetic symbioses in animals","volume":"59","author":"AA Venn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref017","volume-title":"World atlas of jellyfish: Scyphozoa except Stauromedusae","author":"G Jarms","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0485.1992.tb00359.x","article-title":"Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)- life history of a stationary population","volume":"13","author":"Kikinger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mar Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02579.x","article-title":"Symbiodinium gen. nov. and Symbiodinium microadriaticum sp. nov., a Zooxanthella: Taxonomy, Life Cycle, and Morphology","volume":"9","author":"HD Freudenthal","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3354\/meps168147","article-title":"Production, respiration, and photophysiology of the mangrove jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana symbiotic with zooxanthellae: Effect of jellyfish size and season","volume":"168","author":"EA Verde","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(93)90208-6","article-title":"Zooplanktivorous predation by large scyphomedusae Phyllorhiza punctata (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in Laguna Joyuda","volume":"173","author":"JR Garcia","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Exp Mar Bio Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3354\/meps032279","article-title":"Regulation of population density of symbiotic algae in a tropical marine jellyfish (Mastigias sp.)","volume":"32","author":"L Muscatine","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-019-3581-6","article-title":"Review of the diversity, traits, and ecology of zooxanthellate jellyfishes","volume":"166","author":"N Djeghri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152509","article-title":"Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification","volume":"318","author":"O Hoegh-Guldberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2009.07.003","article-title":"Light intensity influences the production and translocation of fatty acids by zooxanthellae in the jellyfish Cassiopea sp","volume":"378","author":"JM Mortillaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Mar Bio Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-008-9584-9","article-title":"Influence of jellyfish blooms on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and plankton production","volume":"616","author":"KA Pitt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11605","article-title":"Symbiont carbon and nitrogen assimilation in the Cassiopea-Symbiodinium mutualism","volume":"544","author":"CJ Freeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12138","article-title":"Variation in \u03b413C and \u03b415N values suggests a coupling of host and symbiont metabolism in the Symbiodinium-Cassiopea mutualism","volume":"571","author":"CJ Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08623","article-title":"Enhanced pore-water nutrient fluxes by the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea sp. in a Red Sea coral reef","volume":"411","author":"C Jantzen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12714","article-title":"Mixotrophy everywhere on land and in water: The grand \u00e9cart hypothesis","volume":"20","author":"A Selosse M\u2010","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1990.35.3.0609","article-title":"Significance of photosynthetic endosymbionts to the carbon budget of the scyphomedusa Linuche unguiculata","volume":"35","author":"P Kremer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00350101","article-title":"Daily photosynthesis, respiration, and carbon budgets in a tropical marine jellyfish (Mastigias sp.)","volume":"119","author":"LR McCloskey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref033","first-page":"213","article-title":"Impacts and effects of ocean warming on jellyfish","author":"F Boero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Explain Ocean Warm Causes, scale, Eff consequences"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-008-9591-x","article-title":"A character-based analysis of the evolution of jellyfish blooms: adaptation and exaptation","volume":"616","author":"MN Dawson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-004-1409-4","article-title":"Global phylogeography of Cassiopea (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae): Molecular evidence for cryptic species and multiple invasions of the Hawaiian Islands","volume":"145","author":"BS Holland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref036","first-page":"1","article-title":"Die Scyphomedusen der Siboga Expedition","volume":"11","author":"O Maas","year":"1901","journal-title":"Siboga Expedition"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-014-0778-y","article-title":"\u2018Double trouble\u2019: the expansion of the Suez Canal and marine bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"17","author":"BS Galil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Invasions"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/lob.10036","article-title":"The enlargement of the Suez Canal and introduction of non-indigenous species to the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"24","author":"BS Galil","year":"2015b","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr Bull"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(89)90138-6","article-title":"Long-term fluctuations of Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria, Scyphomedusae) in the western Mediterranean Sea, prediction by climatic variables","volume":"36","author":"J Goy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref040","first-page":"55","article-title":"Swarming of jellyfishes along the Mediterranean cost of Israel","volume":"36","author":"E Spanier","year":"1989","journal-title":"Israel J Zool"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref041","first-page":"95","article-title":"The Scyphomedusae of the Mediterranen coast of Israel, including two Lessepsian migrants new to the Mediterranean","volume":"64","author":"B Galil","year":"1990","journal-title":"Zool Meded"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3391\/ai.2008.3.4.8","article-title":"Open accea population of the alien jellyfish, Cassiopea andromeda (Forssk\u00e5l, 1775) (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa: Rhizostomea) in the \u00d6l\u00fcdeniz Lagoon, Turkey","volume":"3","author":"E \u00d6zg\u00fcr","journal-title":"Aquat Invasions. 2008"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref043","first-page":"95","article-title":"Marine alien species in Greek Seas: additions and amendments by 2010. Mediterr","volume":"12","author":"A Zenetos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Sci"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755267209990625","article-title":"First record of Cassiopea andromeda (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Cassiopeidae) from the central Mediterranean Sea","volume":"3","author":"PJ Schembri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar Biodivers Rec"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref045","first-page":"193","article-title":"First documented record of Cassiopea andromeda (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in Italian waters","volume":"59","author":"Cillari Tiziana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cah Biol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315419000924","article-title":"Molecular identity of the non-indigenous Cassiopea sp. from Palermo Harbour (central Mediterranean Sea)","volume":"99","author":"T Maggio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mar Biol Ass UK"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref047","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lessepsian migration. An appraisal and new data","volume":"7","author":"FD Por","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bulletin de l\u2019Institut Oc\u00e9anographique de Monaco"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref048","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Life in the Mediterranean Sea: A Look at Habitat Changes","author":"CN Bianchi","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-006-0469-5","article-title":"Biodiversity issues for the forthcoming tropical Mediterranean Sea","volume":"580","author":"CN Bianchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2018.00035","article-title":"Upside-down but headed in the right direction: Review of the highly versatile Cassiopea xamachana system","volume":"6","author":"AH Ohdera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref051","first-page":"105398","article-title":"Aquaculture facilities promote populational stability throughout seasons and increase medusae size for the invasive jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda","volume":"162","author":"J Th\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar Environ Res"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4931","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-011-2313-2","article-title":"Eutrophication and environmental policy in the Mediterranean Sea: A review","volume":"184","author":"M Karydis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3354\/meps210223","article-title":"Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem","volume":"210","author":"JE Cloern","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref054","first-page":"1","article-title":"Macroalgae and phytoplankton competition in the central venice lagoon","volume":"15","author":"A Sfriso","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ Technol (United Kingdom)"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/08927010009386322","article-title":"Biological succession on silicone fouling-release surfaces: Long-term exposure tests in the harbour of Ischia, Italy","volume":"15","author":"A Terlizzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-009-9928-0","article-title":"Oxygen and nutrient dynamics of the upside- down jellyfish (Cassiopea sp.) and its influence on benthic nutrient exchanges and primary production","volume":"635","author":"DT Welsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3391\/bir.2018.7.4.07","article-title":"Back with a bang\u2013an unexpected massive bloom of Cassiopea andromeda (Forskaal, 1775) in the Maltese Islands, nine years after its first appearance","volume":"7","author":"A Deidun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinvasions Rec"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1982.27.5.0896","article-title":"The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of a stratified, saline, sulfide lake in Palau","volume":"27","author":"WM Hamner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref059","first-page":"9","article-title":"Drivers of Microbial Carbon Fluxes Variability in Two Oligotrophic Mediterranean Coastal Systems","author":"N Gonz\u00e1lez-Ben\u00edtez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref060","unstructured":"Falkowski, P.G., Raven, J.A., 1997. Aquatic Photosynthesis. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 375."},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquabot.2005.02.006","article-title":"Rapid light curves: A powerful tool to assess photosynthetic activity","volume":"82","author":"PJ Ralph","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquat Bot"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref062","first-page":"1637","volume":"19","author":"E Sakshaug","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parameters of photosynthesis: definitions, theory and interpretation of results"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3354\/meps174293","article-title":"Measuring photosynthetic rates in seagrasses by pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry","volume":"174","author":"SB Beer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-7903(02)00010-6","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of symbiotic dinoflagellates inferred from partial chloroplast large subunit (23S)- rDNA sequences","volume":"23","author":"SR Santos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Phyl Evol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-3796(17)30778-3","article-title":"New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton","volume":"167","author":"SW Jeffrey","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochem Physiol Pflanz"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(85)90442-7","article-title":"Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid","volume":"150","author":"PK Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref067","first-page":"375","article-title":"\u2019Connor MI, Sunday JM, Gonzalez A. Life in fluctuating environments: Adaptation to changing environments","author":"JR O Bernhardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2017.08.006","article-title":"Cellular respiration, oxygen consumption, and trade-offs of the jelly fish Cassiopea sp. in response to temperature change","volume":"128","author":"SM Aljbour","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sea Res"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref069","volume-title":"The Cnidaria, Past, Present and Future","author":"KP Lampert","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref070","volume-title":"Aquatic Photosynthesis","author":"PG Falkowski","year":"2013","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2010.00944.x","article-title":"Photoprotection of sea-ice microalgal communities from the east antarctic pack ice","volume":"47","author":"K Petrou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Phycol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3354\/meps113163","article-title":"Acclimation and adaptation to irradiance in symbiotic dinoflagellates. I. Responses of the photosynthetic unit to changes in photon flux density","volume":"113","author":"R Iglesias-Prieto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2011.56.4.1429","article-title":"Summer autotrophy and winter heterotrophy in the temperate symbiotic coral Cladocora caespitosa","volume":"56","author":"C Ferrier-Pag\u00e9s","year":"2011","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3354\/meps09314","article-title":"Symbiont diversity is not involved in depth acclimation in the Mediterranean sea whip Eunicella singularis","volume":"439","author":"D Forcioli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.016345","article-title":"Photosynthetic response of the Mediterranean zooxanthellate coral Cladocora caespitosa to the natural range of light and temperature","volume":"211","author":"R Rodolfo-Metalpa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.3390\/md13084654","article-title":"The bright side of gelatinous blooms: nutraceutical value and antioxidant properties of three mediterranean jellyfish (Scyphozoa)","volume":"13","author":"A Leone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315408002804","article-title":"Biochemical composition of the mesopelagic coronate jellyfish Periphylla periphylla from the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"89","author":"CH Lucas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mar Biol Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2010.12.013","article-title":"Study on effect of jellyfish collagen hydrolysate on anti-fatigue and anti-oxidation","volume":"25","author":"JF Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref079","first-page":"17","article-title":"The jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo (Cnidaria): Biochemical composition of ovaries and antibacterial lysozyme-like activity of the oocyte lysate","author":"L Stabili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.100.4.1840","article-title":"Diurnal and circadian light-harvesting complex and quinone B-binding protein synthesis in leaves of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)","volume":"100","author":"S Riesselmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref081","first-page":"887","volume-title":"Marine animal forests","author":"N Schubert","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(75)90016-7","article-title":"Productivity and organic consumption in Cassiopea and Condylactus","volume":"18","author":"N Cates","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Exp Mar Biol Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-006-0286-4","article-title":"Intra-colonial variability in light acclimation of zooxanthellae in coral tissues of Pocillopora damicornis","volume":"149","author":"KE Ulstrup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8007","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.8007","article-title":"Damage to photosystem II in symbiotic dinoflagellates: a determinant to coral bleaching","volume":"96","author":"ME Warner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.031823","article-title":"Physiological response of the symbiotic gorgonian Eunicella singularis to a long- term temperature increase","author":"C Ferrier-pag\u00e8s","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-014-0042-4","article-title":"Photophysiology and daily primary production of a temperate symbiotic gorgonian","volume":"123","author":"C Ferrier-Pag\u00e8s","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photosynth Res"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00301975","article-title":"Post-illumination stimulation of respiration rate in the coral Porites porites","volume":"7","author":"PJ Edmunds","year":"1988","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023936313544","article-title":"Relations between electron transport rates determined by pulse amplitude modulated chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen evolution in macroalgae under different light conditions","volume":"75","author":"LF Figueroa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photosynth Res"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12903","article-title":"PSI Mehler reaction is the main alternative photosynthetic electron pathway in Symbiodinium sp., symbiotic dinoflagellates of cnidarians","volume":"204","author":"S Roberty","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.002014","article-title":"Influence of the diadinoxanthin pool size on photoprotection in the marine planktonic diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum","volume":"129","author":"J Lavaud","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-011-1628-4","article-title":"Heterogeneity in the photoprotective capacity of three Antarctic diatoms during short-term changes in salinity and temperature","volume":"158","author":"K Petrou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"pone.0248814.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54209-8","article-title":"Productivity and carbon fluxes depend on species and symbiont density in soft coral symbioses","volume":"9","author":"CA Pupier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0248814","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T17:25:19Z","timestamp":1616174719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0248814"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Douglas A.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0248814","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]}}}