{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T23:13:31Z","timestamp":1771456411051,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAPESP 2015\/00003-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPESP 2015\/00003-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAPESP 2019\/07618-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPESP 2019\/07618-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNPq 312469\/2018-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq 312469\/2018-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005942","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Butantan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research Fellowship to Undergratuated Student"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Fellowship to Undergratuated Student"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005942","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snake venom thrombin-like enzymes (SVTLEs) are serine proteinases that clot fibrinogen. SVTLEs are distributed mainly in venoms from snakes of the Viperidae family, comprising venomous pit viper snakes. <jats:italic>Bothrops<\/jats:italic> snakes are distributed throughout Central and South American and are responsible for most venomous snakebites. Most <jats:italic>Bothrops<\/jats:italic> snakes display thrombin-like activity in their venoms, but it has been shown that some species do not present it. In this work, to understand SVTLE polymorphism in <jats:italic>Bothrop<\/jats:italic>s snake venoms, we studied individual samples from two species of medical importance in Brazil: <jats:italic>Bothrops jararaca<\/jats:italic>, distributed in Southeastern Brazil, which displays coagulant activity on plasma and fibrinogen, and <jats:italic>Bothrops erythromelas<\/jats:italic>, found in Northeastern Brazil, which lacks direct fibrinogen coagulant activity but shows plasma coagulant activity. We tested the coagulant activity of venoms and the presence of SVTLE genes by a PCR approach. The SVTLE gene structure in <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>jararaca<\/jats:italic> is similar to the <jats:italic>Bothrops atrox<\/jats:italic> snake, comprising five exons. We could not amplify SVTLE sequences from <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>erythromelas<\/jats:italic> DNA, except for a partial pseudogene. These genes underwent a positive selection in some sites, leading to an amino acid sequence diversification, mostly in exon 2. The phylogenetic tree constructed using SVTLE coding sequences confirms that they are related to the chymotrypsin\/kallikrein family. Interestingly, we found a <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>jararaca<\/jats:italic> specimen whose venom lacked thrombin-like activity, and its gene sequence was a pseudogene with SVTLE structure, presenting nonsense and frameshift mutations. Our results indicate an association of the lack of thrombin-like activity in <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>jararaca<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>erythromelas<\/jats:italic> venoms with mutations and deletions of snake venom thrombin-like enzyme genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T19:45:30Z","timestamp":1619552730000},"page":"e0248901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The absence of thrombin-like activity in Bothrops erythromelas venom is due to the deletion of the snake venom thrombin-like enzyme gene"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nicholas P.","family":"Lotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanne C.","family":"de Albuquerque Modesto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e1vio S.","family":"Sant\u2019Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen F.","family":"Grego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam C.","family":"Guarnieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rejane M.","family":"Lira-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo L.","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1924-5302","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nancy","family":"Oguiura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0248901.ref001","first-page":"218","article-title":"Procoagulant Proteins from Snake Venoms","volume":"31","author":"RM Kini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Haemostasis"},{"key":"pone.0248901.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004346","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004346","article-title":"The internal dynamics of fibrinogen and its implications for coagulation and adsorption","volume":"11","author":"S K\u00f6hler","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Comput 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