{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:52:22Z","timestamp":1770511942148,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In most developing countries, formal and informal transportation schemes coexist without effective and smart integration. In this paper, the authors show how to leverage opportunities offered by formal and informal transportation schemes to build an integrated multi-modal network. Precisely, the authors consider integration of rickshaws to a bus-train network, by taking into account accessibility and societal constraints. By modelling the respective networks with weighted graphs, a graph augmentation problem is solved with respect to a composite cost taking into account constraints on the use of rickshaws. The solution, is based on finding a minimum cost spanning tree of a merged graph. The method is applied in the South African context, in the city of Johannesburg where rickshaws are not yet a significant part of the transportation system. The implications of the study reveal that using non-motorised transportation services is a viable option of improving mobility in the city. The composite cost introduced herein could be used for new routing algorithm including societal, environmental, architectural contexts and commuter experiences through rating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T17:51:10Z","timestamp":1617904270000},"page":"e0249014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Societal context-dependent multi-modal transportation network augmentation in Johannesburg, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9938-2907","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thembani","family":"Moyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8662-2534","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alain Y.","family":"Kibangou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Musakwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0249014.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177180","DOI":"10.1080\/19427867.2015.1126065","article-title":"A brief study exploring social equity within bicycle share programs","volume":"8","author":"K Gavin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation Letters"},{"key":"pone.0249014.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2018.05.006","article-title":"Motorcycle-taxis in sub-Saharan Africa: Current knowledge, implications for the debate on \u201cinformal\u201d transport and research needs","volume":"69","author":"D Ehebrecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of transport geography"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0249014.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2011.02.007","article-title":"Making the connections between transport disadvantage and the social exclusion of low income populations in the Tshwane Region of South Africa","volume":"19","author":"K Lucas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Geography"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249014.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1179\/1942787513Y.0000000009","article-title":"Multimodal travel and the poor: evidence from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey","volume":"6","author":"E Blumenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0249014.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3328\/TL.2010.02.04.231-243","article-title":"Travel demand models in the developing world: correcting for measurement errors","volume":"2","author":"J Walker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transportation Letters"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249014.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/19427867.2017.1283835","article-title":"Quality of public transport service: An integrative review and research agenda","volume":"11","author":"E Blumenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation Letters"},{"key":"pone.0249014.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.11.492","article-title":"Merits and Challenges of E-Rickshaw as An Alternative form of Public Road Transport System: A Case Study in the State of West Bengal in India. 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