{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T11:36:02Z","timestamp":1782300962755,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>A smoking habit can cause various health problems encompassing retinal diseases including central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of smoking on the choroidal structure in patients with CSC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The choroidal vascular index (CVI) was calculated using the binarized OCT images. Baseline parameters (age, refractive error [SE], subfoveal choroidal thickness [SFCT] and CVI) were compared between smokers and non-smokers using Wilcoxon rank sum test. Moreover, the associations between SFCT and the baseline parameters were analyzed using a multivariate linear regression followed by the AICc model selection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 75 CSC patients, 45 patients were smokers and 30 patients were non-smokers. No significant differences in age and SE were seen between the smoking group and the non-smoking group. A significant difference in the SFCT was seen between two groups (382.0 \u00b1 68.2 \u03bcm in the smoking group vs. 339.3 \u00b1 52.3 \u03bcm in the non-smoking group,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.0038), while no significant difference was observed in the CVI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.32). The optimal model for SFCT included the variables of age, SE and past history of smoking among the baseline parameters. Additionally, increased pack years was associated with increased SFCT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cigarette smoking was associated with an increased SFCT in patients with CSC. Thicker choroid in smoking CSC patients may be an important modulator of the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T17:44:07Z","timestamp":1616521447000},"page":"e0249073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Correlation between choroidal structure and smoking in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kazuyoshi","family":"Okawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2481-0222","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Asaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Azuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Obata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rei","family":"Arasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouko","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arisa","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maiko","family":"Maruyama-Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Yanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuaki","family":"Kadonosono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0249073.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090200063023","article-title":"Digital indocyanine green videoangiography of central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"112","author":"DR Guyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0249073.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199414030-00008","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy and indocyanine green angiography","volume":"14","author":"FC Piccolino","year":"1994","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0249073.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199919060-00005","article-title":"Persistent and bilateral choroidal vascular abnormalities in central serous chorioretinopathy.","volume":"19","author":"T Iida","year":"1999","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0249073.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.05.032","article-title":"Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"146","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249073.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000360014","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"232","author":"R Liegl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"pone.0249073.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.10.002","article-title":"Investigating the choriocapillaris and choroidal vasculature with new optical coherence tomography technologies","volume":"52","author":"D Ferrara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0249073.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001040","article-title":"CHOROIDAL VASCULARITY INDEX IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY","volume":"36","author":"R Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0249073.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00813-3","article-title":"Cigarettes and cigarette smoking","volume":"12","author":"DM Burns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0249073.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312431","article-title":"Patient characteristics and risk factors for central serous chorioretinopathy: an analysis of 811 patients","volume":"103","author":"MG Ersoz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0249073.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-10-31","article-title":"Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"U Chakravarthy","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0249073.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.7.995","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acid intake, and associations with age-related macular degeneration: the US Twin Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"124","author":"JM Seddon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0249073.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25764","article-title":"Choroidal Structural Changes in Smokers Measured Using Choroidal Vascularity Index","volume":"60","author":"X Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0249073.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3109\/15569527.2013.810633","article-title":"Effects of smoking on visual acuity of central serous chorioretinopathy patients","volume":"33","author":"FM T\u00fcrkc\u00fc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cutan Ocul Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249073.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8782","article-title":"Diurnal variation of choroidal thickness in normal, healthy subjects measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"53","author":"CS Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249073.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212055","article-title":"The association of choroidal structure and its response to anti-VEGF treatment with the short-time outcome in pachychoroid neovasculopathy","volume":"14","author":"K Azuma","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249073.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x","article-title":"A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models","volume":"4","author":"S Nakagawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249073.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124104268644","article-title":"Multimodel Inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in Model Selection","volume":"33","author":"KP Burnham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0249073.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.258","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in both eyes of patients with unilaterally active central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"25","author":"YT Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0249073.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31820f4b39","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness in fellow eyes of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"31","author":"I Maruko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249073.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.04.011","article-title":"Choroidal Thickness Changes After Photodynamic Therapy and Recurrence of Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy","volume":"160","author":"YK Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0249073.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.273","article-title":"Change in subfoveal choroidal thickness in central serous chorioretinopathy following spontaneous resolution and low-fluence photodynamic therapy","volume":"27","author":"NH Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"pone.0249073.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21090","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21090","article-title":"Choroidal vascularity index as a measure of vascular status of the choroid: Measurements in healthy eyes from a population-based study","volume":"6","author":"R Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0249073.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001040","article-title":"CHOROIDAL VASCULARITY INDEX IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY","volume":"36","author":"R Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0249073.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.02.021","article-title":"Assessment of macular choroidal thickness by optical coherence tomography and angiographic changes in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"119","author":"P Jirarattanasopa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0249073.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13467","article-title":"Choroidal structure in subtypes of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy determined by binarization of optical coherence tomographic images","volume":"47","author":"B Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249073.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4103\/jovr.jovr_152_17","article-title":"Evaluation of Choroidal Layer Thickness in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy","volume":"14","author":"D Hanumunthadu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249073","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T07:18:03Z","timestamp":1671693483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249073"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Demetrios G.","family":"Vavvas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249073","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]}}}