{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T22:34:50Z","timestamp":1776983690636,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1AI117059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AI117059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R44HD084033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44HD084033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence and evolution of antibiotic resistance has been accelerated due to the widespread use of antibiotics and a lack of timely diagnostic tests that guide therapeutic treatment with adequate sensitivity, specificity, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) accuracy. Automated AST instruments are extensively used in clinical microbiology labs and provide a streamlined workflow, simplifying susceptibility testing for pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples. Although currently used commercial systems such as the Vitek2 and BD Phoenix can deliver results in substantially less time than conventional methods, their dependence on traditional AST inoculum concentrations and optical detection limit their speed somewhat. Herein, we describe the GeneFluidics ProMax lab automation system intended for a rapid 3.5-hour molecular AST from clinical isolates. The detection method described utilizes a higher starting inoculum concentration and automated molecular quantification of species-specific 16S rRNA through the use of an electrochemical sensor to assess microbiological responses to antibiotic exposure. A panel of clinical isolates consisting of species of gram-negative rods from the CDC AR bank and two hospitals, New York-Presbyterian Queens and Medical College of Wisconsin, were evaluated against ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and meropenem in a series of reproducibility and clinical studies. The categorical agreement and reproducibility for <jats:italic>Citrobacter freundii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella aerogenes<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella oxytoca<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> were 100% and 100% for ciprofloxacin, 98.7% and 100% for gentamicin and 98.5% and 98.5% for meropenem, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T17:31:44Z","timestamp":1616779904000},"page":"e0249203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Feasibility and potential significance of rapid in vitro qualitative phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing of gram-negative bacilli with the ProMax system"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jade","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Tomasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-9728","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amorina","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Faron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dakai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William 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susceptibility testing","volume":"116","author":"H Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0249203.ref012","unstructured":"CDRH: Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST) Systems. Food and Drug Administration 2009."},{"key":"pone.0249203.ref013","unstructured":"CDRH: Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST) Systems. 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