{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:18:16Z","timestamp":1787498296900,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gansu Agriculture Research System","award":["GARS-CS-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GARS-CS-5"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010203","name":"Agriculture Research System of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CARS-36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81673482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81673482"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) represents one of major zoonotic diseases among cattle, it also affects the health of human, other domestic animals and wild life populations. Inhalation of infected aerosol droplets is considered as the most frequent route of the infection. This study aims to investigate the current forms of tuberculosis in cattle and identify the possible transmission modes in dairy farms of China. 13,345 cows from eight dairy farms in three provinces were comprehensively diagnosed by a multitude of assays, including SIT, CIT, IFN-\u03b3 assay and ELISA. It has been indicated that advanced infection of bTB was found in 752 (5.64%) cattle, suggesting a high prevalence of tuberculosis in these dairy farms. In the necropsy examination of 151 positive cattle, typical bTB lesions were observed in 131 cattle (86.75%), of which, notably, 90.84% lesions appeared in liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, mammary lymph nodes and other organs, taking up a large proportion among cattle with advanced bTB infection. 71.26% extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) was related to gastrointestinal system.\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    nucleic acid was further found in milk and feces samples and\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was even isolated from milk samples. Phylogenetic analysis based on whole genome sequencing unraveled that six isolates were closely related to\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    AF2122\/97 originated from UK, whereas four isolates shared close relation to\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    30 from China, respectively. Our data demonstrate that the increase of EPTB transmitted by digestive tract is implicated in the current high prevalence rate of bTB in China, which also provides leads for bTB control in other countries with high prevalence of bTB in the future.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T13:31:37Z","timestamp":1617111097000},"page":"e0249341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["High prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in dairy farms: Evidence for possible gastrointestinal transmission"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuelian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yayin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1826-6838","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qiaoying","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weixing","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0249341.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00059","article-title":"The History of In Vivo Tuberculin Testing in Bovines: Tuberculosis, a \"One Health\" Issue","volume":"5","author":"M Good","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0249341.ref002","first-page":"1058","author":"World Organization for Animal Health","year":"2018","journal-title":"Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pone.0249341.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2006.01.007","article-title":"The situation of tuberculosis and tuberculosis control in animals of economic interest","volume":"86","author":"W. Amanfu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"pone.0249341.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344538.ch4","volume-title":"Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Animals and Humans","author":"CO Thoen","year":"2006"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0249341.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0129926","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129926","article-title":"Longevity of Mycobacterium bovis in Raw and Traditional Souring Milk as a Function of Storage Temperature and Dose","volume":"10","author":"AL Michel","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0249341.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00202","article-title":"Farmer and Veterinarian Attitudes towards the Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Programme in Spain: What Is Going on in the Field?","volume":"4","author":"G Ciaravino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0249341.ref007","first-page":"2402","article-title":"Pathological diagnosis of bovine extrapulmonary tuberculosis in a dairy farm","volume":"37","author":"F Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0249341.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12480","article-title":"Environmental Presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Aggregation Points at the Wildlife\/Livestock Interface","volume":"64","author":"JA Barasona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"pone.0249341.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-015-0973-x","article-title":"Interactions between four species in a complex wildlife: livestock disease community: implications for Mycobacterium bovis maintenance and transmission","volume":"62","author":"CE Cowie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Wildl Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249341.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0566-2","article-title":"Different lesion distribution in calves orally or intratracheally challenged with Mycobacterium bovis: implications for diagnosis","volume":"49","author":"M Serrano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0249341.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344538.ch5","volume-title":"Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Animals and Humans","author":"JB Kaneene","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0249341.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.10.299","article-title":"Pathology of natural Mycobacterium bovis infection in European badgers (Meles meles) and its relationship with bacterial excretion","volume":"148","author":"D Gavier-Widen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0249341.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13090","article-title":"First molecular detection ofMycobacterium bovisin environmental samples from a French region with endemic bovine tuberculosis","volume":"120","author":"E Barbier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"pone.0249341.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.04.010","article-title":"Bacteriological diagnosis and molecular strain typing of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae","volume":"97","author":"E Gormley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0249341.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.86","article-title":"Identification of tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered in Mexico","volume":"61","author":"F Milian-Suazo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0249341.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1071\/9780643100756","volume-title":"Beating the Odds in a Big industrialized country: The Eradication of Bovine Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in Australia","author":"R. Lehane","year":"1996"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0249341.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12095","article-title":"Control strategies for wildlife tuberculosis in Ireland","volume":"60","author":"E Gormley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249341.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.03.012","article-title":"Evaluation of Spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR for Mycobacterium bovis in Xinjiang, China","volume":"92","author":"Z Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249341.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48106-3","article-title":"Genomic Polymorphism Associated with the Emergence of Virulent Isolates of Mycobacterium bovis in the Nile Delta","volume":"9","author":"HFM Abdelaal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0249341.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009909","article-title":"The prevalence, distribution and severity of detectable pathological lesions in badgers naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"136","author":"HE Jenkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0249341.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0905-5","article-title":"Pathology and diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in naturally infected dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in India","volume":"47","author":"SD Narnaware","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0249341.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00205-07","article-title":"High Prevalence and Increased Severity of Pathology of Bovine Tuberculosis in Holsteins Compared to Zebu Breeds under Field Cattle Husbandry in Central Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"G Ameni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0249341.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1054\/tube.2000.0279","article-title":"Pathogenesis of tuberculosis in cattle","volume":"81","author":"SD Neill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"pone.0249341.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(94)90053-1","article-title":"The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections","volume":"40","author":"RS Morris","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249341.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(00)90482-9","article-title":"Cattle-to-cattle transmission of bovine tuberculosis","volume":"160","author":"FD Menzies","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0249341.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879600800312","article-title":"Distribution of lesions in cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"8","author":"DL Whipple","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"pone.0249341.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0401.980108","article-title":"Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries","volume":"4","author":"O Cosivi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249341","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T13:32:08Z","timestamp":1617111128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249341"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Frederick","family":"Quinn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249341","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]}}}