{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T22:12:21Z","timestamp":1768687941936,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101003589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Households are important sites for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and preventive measures are recommended. This study aimed to 1) investigate the impact of living with a person infected with SARS-CoV-2; 2) understand how household members implemented infection control recommendations in their home; and 3) identify the information and support needs of household members.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>For this observational mixed-methods study, households with a person with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited via drive-through testing sites of Municipal Health Services, healthcare worker screening or hospital emergency visits in the University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands and via primary care physicians, hospital emergency visits or preoperative screening in the University Hospital of Antwerp, Belgium. We recorded household characteristics, including characteristics of all household members, together with their views on prevention measures. In a subset of households one adult household member was asked to participate in an interview investigating their views on preventive measures. Survey data were analysed using descriptive statistics and interview data by rapid framework analysis. A triangulation protocol was used to integrate findings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Thirty-four households (120 household members) were included in the quantitative survey. Twenty-two households were invited to be interviewed, of which 18 completed an interview (response 81.8%). Survey data showed that almost all households implemented some preventive measures, the use of face masks being least frequently reported. Measures taken depended on what was physically possible, the perceived severity of illness of the index patient and to what extent household members were willing to limit social interaction. Respondents did not believe in the effectiveness of wearing face masks within the house, and from the interviews this was explained by media coverage of face masks, impracticality and the stigma associated with wearing masks. Interviewees reported that quarantine had a high emotional burden and wished to have more information about the exact duration of quarantine, their own COVID-19 status, symptoms and when to seek medical help.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>People were willing to implement prevention measures, however actual adherence depended on perceived severity of illness and the perceived risk of becoming infected. Homes are social environments and recommendations for infection prevention should account for this context. Incorporating our findings into policy making could provide households with more relevant and actionable advice.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T17:40:07Z","timestamp":1617212407000},"page":"e0249391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Experiences and needs of persons living with a household member infected with SARS-CoV-2: A mixed method study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2148-5935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Janneke D. M.","family":"Verberk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sibyl A.","family":"Anthierens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Tonkin-Crine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herman","family":"Goossens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1332-4138","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Kinsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marieke L. A.","family":"de Hoog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia A.","family":"Bielicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia C. J. L.","family":"Bruijning-Verhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina H.","family":"Gobat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0249391.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Home care for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and management of their contacts\u2014interim guidance. Geneve: WHO; 2020 [25 May 2020]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/home-care-for-patients-with-suspected-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-presenting-with-mild-symptoms-and-management-of-contacts."},{"key":"pone.0249391.ref002","volume-title":"Infection prevention and control in the household management of people with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease (COVID-19)","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0249391.ref003","volume-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report\u201446","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0249391.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03874-z","article-title":"The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19","volume":"39","author":"H Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"10242","key":"pone.0249391.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31254-X","article-title":"Informal home care providers: the forgotten health-care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"395","author":"EYY Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"pone.0249391.ref006","article-title":"Transmission potential of asymptomatic and paucisymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: a three-family cluster study in China","author":"XL Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"10223","key":"pone.0249391.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","article-title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster","volume":"395","author":"JF Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"pone.0249391.ref008","article-title":"A family cluster of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections","author":"X Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases: official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0249391.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30147-X","article-title":"A family cluster of SARS-CoV-2 infection involving 11 patients in Nanjing, China","volume":"20","author":"R Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious diseases"},{"key":"pone.0249391.ref010","article-title":"Household secondary attack rate of COVID-19 and associated determinants in Guangzhou, China: a retrospective cohort study","author":"Q-L Jing","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0249391.ref011","article-title":"The characteristics of household transmission of COVID-19","author":"W Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"key":"pone.0249391.ref012","article-title":"Contact Tracing Assessment of COVID-19 Transmission Dynamics in Taiwan and Risk at Different Exposure Periods Before and After Symptom Onset","author":"HY Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0249391.ref013","article-title":"Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis of secondary attack rate","author":"ZJ Madewell","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249391.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.040","article-title":"Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"81","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of infection"},{"key":"pone.0249391.ref015","first-page":"ciaa549","article-title":"COVID-19 Testing, Epidemic Features, Hospital Outcomes, and Household Prevalence, New York State-March 2020","author":"ES Rosenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0249391.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0884-z","article-title":"Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response","volume":"4","author":"JJV Bavel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"10227","key":"pone.0249391.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence","volume":"395","author":"SK Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0249391.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11577-017-0454-1","article-title":"How to Construct a Mixed Methods Research Design","volume":"69","author":"J Schoonenboom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kolner Z Soz Sozpsychol"},{"key":"pone.0249391.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.07.029","article-title":"Rapid qualitative research methods during complex health emergencies: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"189","author":"GA Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249391.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1258\/jhsrp.2007.007074","article-title":"The quality of mixed methods studies in health services research","volume":"13","author":"A O\u2019Cathain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Health Serv Res Policy"},{"key":"pone.0249391.ref021","volume-title":"Wellbeing Measures in Primary Health Care\/The Depcare Project","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1998"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0249391.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019993","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019993","article-title":"Can rapid approaches to qualitative analysis deliver timely, valid findings to clinical leaders? A mixed methods study comparing rapid and thematic analysis","volume":"8","author":"B Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0249391.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305285708","article-title":"Developing and implementing a triangulation protocol for qualitative health research","volume":"16","author":"T Farmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"pone.0249391.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c4587","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4587","article-title":"Three techniques for integrating data in mixed methods studies","volume":"341","author":"A O\u2019Cathain","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed)"},{"key":"pone.0249391.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-016-0436-0","article-title":"Discrepancies between qualitative and quantitative evaluation of randomised controlled trial results: achieving clarity through mixed methods triangulation","volume":"11","author":"S Tonkin-Crine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0249391.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0737-1209.2005.220504.x","article-title":"The experience of quarantine for individuals affected by SARS in Toronto","volume":"22","author":"MA Cava","year":"2005","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249391.ref027","first-page":"124","article-title":"The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right","volume":"3","author":"L Nasir","year":"2010","journal-title":"London J Prim Care (Abingdon)"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0249391.ref028","first-page":"200915","article-title":"Weekly COVID-19 testing with household quarantine and contact tracing is feasible and would probably end the epidemic","author":"J Peto","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0249391.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002794","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002794","article-title":"Reduction of secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in households by face mask use, disinfection and social distancing: a cohort study in Beijing, China","volume":"5","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0249391.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutter H, Wolpert M, Greenhalgh T. Managing uncertainty in the covid-19 era 2020 [29 July 2020]. Available from: https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/07\/22\/managing-uncertainty-in-the-covid-19-era\/.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3349"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249391","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T17:40:48Z","timestamp":1617212448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249391"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Frey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249391","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]}}}