{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T21:52:33Z","timestamp":1792705953847,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2016-05996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2016-05996"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Efficient shoulder movement depends on the ability of central nervous system to integrate sensory information and to create an appropriate motor command. Various daily encountered factors can potentially compromise the execution of the command, such as fatigue. This study explored how fatigue influences shoulder movements during upper limb reaching.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Forty healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Control or Fatigue Group. All participants completed an upper limb reaching task at baseline and post-experimental, during which they reached four targets located at 90\u00b0 of shoulder abduction, 90\u00b0 external rotation at 90\u00b0 abduction, 120\u00b0 scaption, and 120\u00b0 flexion in a virtual reality environment. Following the baseline phase, the Fatigue Group completed a shoulder fatigue protocol, while Controls took a 10-minute break. Thereafter, the reaching task was repeated. Upper limb kinematic (joint angles and excursions) and spatiotemporal (speed and accuracy) data were collected during the reaching task. Electromyographic activity of the anterior and middle deltoids were also collected to characterize fatigue. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA were performed to determine the effects of Time, Group and of the interaction between these factors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Fatigue group showed decreased mean median power frequency and increased electromyographic amplitudes of the anterior deltoid (p &lt; 0.05) following the fatigue protocol. Less glenohumeral elevation, increased trunk flexion and rotation and sternoclavicular elevation were also observed in the Fatigue group (Group x Time interaction, p &lt; 0.05). The Control group improved their movement speed and accuracy in post-experimental phase, while the Fatigue group showed a decrease of movement speed and no accuracy improvement (Group x Time interaction, p &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In a fatigued state, changes in movement strategy were observed during the reaching task, including increased trunk and sternoclavicular movements and less glenohumeral movement. Performance was altered as shown by the lack of accuracy improvement over time and a decrease in movement speed in the Fatigue group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T19:38:13Z","timestamp":1617910693000},"page":"e0249403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Fatigue, induced via repetitive upper-limb motor tasks, influences trunk and shoulder kinematics during an upper limb reaching task in a virtual reality environment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0607-2908","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Dupuis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1632-0338","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gisela","family":"Sole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Wassinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Bielmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2034-4516","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laurent J.","family":"Bouyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2853-9940","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean-S\u00e9bastien","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0249403.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2015.5941","article-title":"Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy: Navigating the Diagnosis-Management Conundrum","volume":"45","author":"J Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0249403.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.10.016","article-title":"Shoulder function: The perfect compromise between mobility and stability","volume":"40","author":"HEJ Veeger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249403.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(09)80129-8","article-title":"A system for describing positions of the humerus relative to the thorax and its use in the presentation of several functionally important arm positions","volume":"1","author":"ML Pearl","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0249403.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.04.004","article-title":"The role of the peripheral and central nervous systems in rotator cuff disease","volume":"24","author":"D Bachasson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"pone.0249403.ref005","article-title":"The effect of muscle fatigue on wrist joint position sense in healthy adults","author":"C Karagiannopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249403.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100040115","article-title":"Effect of fatigue on joint position sense of the knee","volume":"4","author":"HB Skinner","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0249403.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2005.06.012","article-title":"Kinematic and EMG characteristics of simple shoulder movements with proprioception and visual feedback","volume":"16","author":"TJ Brindle","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"pone.0249403.ref008","first-page":"3945","article-title":"The impact of visual feedback on the motor control of the upper-limb","volume":"2015","author":"O Urra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0249403.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1999.29.10.574","article-title":"Comparison of 3-Dimensional Scapular Position and Orientation Between Subjects With and Without Shoulder Impingement","volume":"29","author":"AC Lukasiewicz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249403.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2017.09.002","article-title":"Kinematic patterns in normal and degenerative shoulders. 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