{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T21:35:28Z","timestamp":1783114528873,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an on-going epidemic with a multitude of long-ranging effects on the physiological balance of the human body. It can cause several effects on thyroid functions as well. We aimed to assess the lasting sequelae of COVID-19 on thyroid hormone and the clinical course of the disease as a result.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Out of 76 patients, 48 patients of COVID-19 positive and 28 patients of COVID-19 negative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were assessed for thyroid functions, IL-6, and Procalcitonin between moderate, severe, and critical pneumonia on HRCT.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Seventy-five percent of patients with COVID-19 had thyroid abnormalities and higher IL-6 levels (76.10 \u00b1 82.35 vs. 6.99 \u00b1 3.99, 95% CI 52.18\u2013100.01, P-value &lt;0.01). Logistic regression analysis suggested TT3 (P-value 0.01), IL-6 (P-value &lt;0.01), and Procalcitonin (P-value 0.03) as independent risk factors for COVID-19. ROC curve demonstrated IL-6 as the most sensitive marker (P-value &lt;0.01), and TT3, and Procalcitonin as the predictor for COVID-19 disease.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This pilot study from Pakistan demonstrates that changes in serum TSH and TT3 levels may be important manifestations of the courses of COVID-19 pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T17:32:07Z","timestamp":1617125527000},"page":"e0249421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Thyroid function analysis in COVID-19: A retrospective study from a single center"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9343-4187","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jahanzeb","family":"Malik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4175-7689","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asmara","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Javaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayyaba","family":"Zahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uzma","family":"Ishaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shoaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0249421.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the thyroid gland: an update","author":"L Scappaticcio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249421.ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic","volume":"38","author":"E Prompetchara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0249421.ref003","first-page":"232","article-title":"Evaluation and observation of serum thyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"25","author":"W Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Chin Antituberculous Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249421.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3923\/jms.2002.89.94","article-title":"Thyroid Disorders, Etiology and Prevalence","volume":"2","author":"A Khan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0249421.ref005","article-title":"Thyroid Function Analysis in 50 Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Study","author":"M Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0249421.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0335","article-title":"Thyrotoxicosis in patients with COVID-19: the THYRCOV study","volume":"183","author":"A Lania","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0249421.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046941","article-title":"COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"141","author":"KJ Clerkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0249421.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02364-8","article-title":"Thyroid disease in the time of COVID-19","volume":"68","author":"D Dworakowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0249421.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.18","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism","volume":"14","author":"PN Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol."},{"issue":"COVID19-S4","key":"pone.0249421.ref010","first-page":"S79","article-title":"Epidemiology of CoViD-19 Pandemic: Recovery and mortality ratio around the globe","volume":"36","author":"AU Noor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0249421.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.83329","article-title":"Thyroid disorders in India: An epidemiological perspective","volume":"15","author":"AG Unnikrishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0249421.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539520927259","article-title":"Progress of COVID-19 Epidemic in Pakistan","volume":"32","author":"K Abid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"issue":"(Suppl 3)(5)","key":"pone.0249421.ref013","first-page":"S131","article-title":"Long term complications and rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients","volume":"70","author":"A Dasgupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0249421.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01311-8","article-title":"Endocrine complications of COVID-19: what happens to the thyroid and adrenal glands?","volume":"43","author":"G Bellastella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0249421.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dgaa537","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa537","article-title":"Is Subacute Thyroiditis an Underestimated Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Insights From a Case Series","volume":"105","author":"A Brancatella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0249421.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dgaa276","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa276","article-title":"Subacute Thyroiditis After Sars-COV-2 Infection","volume":"105","author":"A Brancatella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"pone.0249421.ref017","first-page":"232","article-title":"Evaluation and observation of serum thyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"25","author":"W Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chin. Antituberculous Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249421.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02325.x","article-title":"Hypocortisolism in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"63","author":"MK Leow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249421.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150017","article-title":"Euthyroid Sick Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"S Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr Physiol."},{"key":"pone.0249421.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566439","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.566439","article-title":"Euthyroid Sick Syndrome in Patients With COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"R Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249421.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.01.001","article-title":"Sick Euthyroid Syndrome on Presentation of Patients With COVID-19: A Potential Marker for Disease Severity","volume":"27","author":"Y Schwarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Pract."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249421","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T17:32:27Z","timestamp":1617125547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249421"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sun Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249421","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]}}}