{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:01:36Z","timestamp":1781632896156,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) develops in various underlying pulmonary conditions. There is scarce data evaluating interstitial lung disease (ILD)\/abnormalities (ILA) as such conditions, and it has not been explored much whether non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is a prognostic factor for mortality in CPA patients. Few reports had investigated prognostic factors of CPA including underlying pulmonary conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore prognostic factors of CPA including pulmonary conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 264 CPA patients from a center for pulmonary aspergillosis in Japan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Survival rates were 78.7%, 61.0%, and 47.4% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Of 264 patients, 53 (20.1%) and 87 (33.1%) were complicated with ILA and NTM-PD. Several independent prognostic factors were identified by multivariate Cox proportional analysis: ILA (HR 1.76, 95%CI 1.06\u20132.92, p = 0.029), age (1.05, 1.02\u20131.08, p&lt;0.001), male sex (2.48, 1.34\u20134.59, p = 0.004), body mass index of &lt;18.5 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>(1,87, 1.20\u20132.90, p = 0.005), presence of aspergilloma (1.59, 1.04\u20132.45, p = 0.033), and lower serum albumin (0.56, 0.38\u20130.83, p = 0.004). NTM-PD was not associated with higher mortality (0.85, 0.52\u20131.38, p = 0.51).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec005\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The poor prognosis of CPA and several prognostic factors were revealed. Early diagnosis and intervention is required with reference to such factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T18:25:18Z","timestamp":1617301518000},"page":"e0249455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Prognostic factors of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: A retrospective cohort of 264 patients from Japan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1649-0596","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuya","family":"Kimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Igei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maho","family":"Suzukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirotoshi","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0249455.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165rv13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden killers: human fungal infections","volume":"4","author":"GD Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.92.3.505","article-title":"Aspergilloma in sarcoid and tuberculosis","volume":"92","author":"JR Tomlinson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.07.011","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: a review of 43 cases","volume":"14","author":"HS Nam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2013.806826","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"51","author":"BW Jhun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.52.9142","article-title":"Prognostic factors in 194 patients with chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"52","author":"K Nakamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12105","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: a retrospective analysis of a tertiary hospital registry","volume":"9","author":"B Camara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref007","first-page":"e37","article-title":"A 10-year study reveals clinical and laboratory evidence for the \u2018semi-invasive\u2019 properties of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"5","author":"JF Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601062","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01062-2016","article-title":"Predictors of mortality in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"49","author":"D Lowes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.089441","article-title":"Global burden of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis as a sequel to pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"89","author":"DW Denning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00054810","article-title":"Underlying conditions in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis including simple aspergilloma","volume":"37","author":"NL Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.01.014","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and prognosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"106","author":"H Ohba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12950","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in a tertiary care centre in Spain: A retrospective, observational study.","volume":"62","author":"J Aguilar-Company","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900798","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00798-2019","article-title":"Prognostic factors associated with long-term mortality in 1445 patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: a 15-year follow-up study","volume":"55","author":"BW Jhun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0188716","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188716","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease","volume":"12","author":"BW Jhun","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myv093","article-title":"The risk factors for developing of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in nontuberculous mycobacteria patients and clinical characteristics and outcomes in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis patients coinfected with nontuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"54","author":"K Takeda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2018.04.002","article-title":"Risk stratification for the development of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease","volume":"24","author":"K Furuuchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pone.0249455.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S265","DOI":"10.1086\/376526","article-title":"Chronic cavitary and fibrosing pulmonary and pleural aspergillosis: case series, proposed nomenclature change, and review","volume":"37","author":"DW Denning","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-8-180","article-title":"Results of surgery for chronic pulmonary Aspergillosis, optimal antifungal therapy and proposed high risk factors for recurrence-a National Center\u2019s experience","volume":"8","author":"S Farid","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00583-2015","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: rationale and clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management","volume":"47","author":"DW Denning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1128\/AM.23.2.301-308.1972","article-title":"Use of the immunodiffusion test in the serodiagnosis of aspergillosis","volume":"23","author":"RM Coleman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref021","first-page":"186","article-title":"BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS. A CORRELATION OF THE CLINICAL AND LABORATORY FINDINGS IN 272 PATIENTS INVESTIGATED FOR BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS","volume":"89","author":"MJ CAMPBELL","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-571ST","article-title":"An official ATS\/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases","volume":"175","author":"DE Griffith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref023","unstructured":"Tuberculosis Surveillance Center (2018). Tuberculosis in Japan\u2013annual report 2018. Available online: https:\/\/jata.or.jp\/english\/dl\/pdf\/TB_in_Japan_2018.pdf (accessed 20th November, 2020)."},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.53.1578","article-title":"Clinical features of pulmonary aspergillosis associated with interstitial pneumonia","volume":"53","author":"F Kurosaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0193732","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193732","article-title":"Twelve-month clinical outcomes of 206 patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"13","author":"F Bongomin","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.01.007","article-title":"Monitoring treatment response in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: role of clinical, spirometric and immunological markers","volume":"25","author":"IS Sehgal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00149212","article-title":"The geographic diversity of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from pulmonary samples: an NTM-NET collaborative study","volume":"42","author":"W Hoefsloot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-258","article-title":"Factors associated with mortality in patients with tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"DJ Horne","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200905-0778OC","article-title":"Nontuberculous pulmonary mycobacteriosis in Denmark: incidence and prognostic factors","volume":"181","author":"C Andr\u00e9jak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"pone.0249455.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2303.161927","article-title":"Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria-Associated Deaths, Ontario, Canada, 2001\u20132013","volume":"23","author":"TK Marras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249455","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T13:45:38Z","timestamp":1698846338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249455"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Barac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249455","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}}}