{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:14:36Z","timestamp":1747196076057,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Along with other countries in America, plague reached Brazil through the sea routes during the third pandemic. A brief ports phase was followed by an urban phase that took place in smaller inland cities and finally, it attained the rural area and established several foci where the ecological conditions were suitable for its continued existence. However, the geographic dispersion of plague in Brazil is still poorly studied. To better understand the disease dynamics, we accessed satellite-based data to trace the spatial occurrence and distribution of human plague cases in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil and using the municipality of Exu as study case area. Along with the satellite data, a historical survey using the Plague Control Program files was applied to characterize the spatial and temporal dispersion of cases in the period of 1945\u20131976. Kernel density estimation, spatial and temporal clusters with statistical significance and maximum entropy modeling were used for spatial data analysis, by means of the spatial analysis software packages. The use of geostatistical tools allowed evidencing the shift of the infection from the urban to the wild-sylvatic areas and the reemergence of cases after a period of quiescence, independent of the reintroduction from other plague areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T17:30:57Z","timestamp":1617384657000},"page":"e0249464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Spatiotemporal analysis of bubonic plague in Pernambuco, northeast of Brazil: Case study in the municipality of Exu"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Diego Leandro Reis da Silva","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elainne Christine de Souza","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7102-6804","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matheus Filgueira","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5767-4765","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ricardo Jos\u00e9 de Paula Souza","family":"e Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8304-3182","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alzira Maria Paiva","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0249464.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12540","article-title":"Plague history: Yersin\u2019s discovery of the causative bacterium in 1894 enabled, in the subsequent century, scientific progress in understanding the disease and the development of treatments and vaccines","volume":"20","author":"T Butler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-019-0065-0","article-title":"Yersinia pestis and plague: an updated view on evolution, virulence determinants, immune subversion, vaccination, and diagnostics","volume":"20","author":"CE Demeure","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gen Imm."},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.17.2281","article-title":"Plague as a Biological Weapon","volume":"283","author":"TV Inglesby","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref004","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Yersinia pestis: retrospective and perspective","author":"B Bramanti","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref005","first-page":"289","article-title":"Plague around the world in 2019","volume":"94","author":"WHO","year":"2019","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1310.070284","article-title":"Plague reappearance in Algeria after 50 years, 2003","volume":"13","author":"E Bertherat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1295-1237","article-title":"Plague in India","volume":"1","author":"V Ramalingaswami","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature Med"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref008","unstructured":"Pollitzer, R. Plague. Geneva: WHO, 1954. Monograph series, n. 22."},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref009","first-page":"93","article-title":"La d\u00e9marche exemplaire d\u2019un \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiste de terrain: M. Baltazard et les foyers de peste du nordest br\u00e9silien","volume":"97","author":"M Baltazard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot."},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e925","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000925","article-title":"Ecology and geography of plague transmission areas in Northeastern Brazil","volume":"5","author":"J Giles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plos Negl Trop Dis."},{"volume-title":"Plague in the Americas","year":"1965","author":"R Pollitzer","key":"pone.0249464.ref011"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref012","first-page":"1","article-title":"Does the plague still threaten us?","volume":"53","author":"AMP Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0278-2017","article-title":"Seroprevalence and spatial distribution dynamics of Yersinia pestis antibodies in dogs and cats from plague foci in the State of Cear\u00e1, Northeastern Brazil","volume":"50","author":"LLF Sousa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3561-7_11","volume-title":"Advances in Yersinia Research","author":"KL Gage","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9155","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817339116","article-title":"Living with plague: Lessons from the Soviet Union\u2019s antiplague system","volume":"116","author":"SD Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"journal-title":"Conhe\u00e7a cidades e estados do Brasil","year":"2019","author":"IBGE\u2014Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica","key":"pone.0249464.ref016"},{"journal-title":"Cadernos do Semi\u00e1rido","year":"2019","author":"IPA\u2014Instituto de Pesquisa Agropecu\u00e1ria","key":"pone.0249464.ref017"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref018","first-page":"243","article-title":"Particularit\u00e9s des souches de Yersinia pestis isol\u00e9es dans le nord-est du Br\u00e9sil","volume":"125","author":"Y Karimi","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann Inst Pasteur. Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref019","first-page":"123","article-title":"Not\u00edcia sobre a peste no Nordeste","volume":"9","author":"CA Freitas","year":"1957","journal-title":"Rev Bras Malariol D Trop"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref020","first-page":"583","article-title":"\u00e9cologie des puces impliqu\u00e9es dans l\u2019epid\u00e9miologie de la peste et le r\u00f4le \u00e9ventuel de certains insectes h\u00e9matophages dans son processus au Nord-Est du Br\u00e9sil","volume":"67","author":"Y Karimi","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol \u00c9xot"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref021","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rodent hosts and flea vectors in Brazilian plague foci: a review","volume":"0","author":"DLR Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Zool."},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref022","first-page":"448","article-title":"R\u00f4le des ectoparasites humains dans la transmission de la peste","volume":"126","author":"G Blanc","year":"1942","journal-title":"Bull Acad Natl Med"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.949","article-title":"Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by cat feas (Ctenocephalides felis) and their potential role as vectors in a plague-endemic region of Uganda","volume":"78","author":"RJ Eisen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J trop med hyg"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1305.061084","article-title":"Plague and the human flea, Tanzania","volume":"13","author":"A Laudisoit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.130629","article-title":"Yersinia pestis in Pulex irritans fleas during plague outbreak, Madagascar","volume":"20","author":"J Ratovonjato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emer Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004949","article-title":"Zoonoses as Ecological Entities: A Case Review of Plague","volume":"10","author":"CG Zeppelini","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3561-7_10","article-title":"Plague in Brazil: from now and then","volume":"954","author":"C Tavares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005007","article-title":"From the recent lessons of the Malagasy foci towards a global understanding of the factors involved in plague reemergence","volume":"36","author":"JM Duplantier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1713881","article-title":"Plague in Madagascar\u2014A Tragic Opportunity for Improving Public Health","volume":"378","author":"PS Mead","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0249464.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050003","article-title":"Plague: past, present and future","volume":"5","author":"NC Stenseth","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249464","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T17:31:25Z","timestamp":1617384685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249464"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Abdallah M.","family":"Samy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249464","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]}}}