{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T16:13:31Z","timestamp":1775060011713,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DP14013260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP14013260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Devastating fires in Australia over 2019\u201320 decimated native fauna and flora, including koalas. The resulting population bottleneck, combined with significant loss of habitat, increases the vulnerability of remaining koala populations to threats which include disease.<jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>is one disease which causes significant morbidity and mortality in koalas. The predominant pathogenic species,<jats:italic>Chlamydia pecorum<\/jats:italic>, causes severe ocular, urogenital and reproductive tract disease. In marsupials, including the koala, gene expansions of an antimicrobial peptide family known as cathelicidins have enabled protection of immunologically na\u00efve pouch young during early development. We propose that koala cathelicidins are active against<jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>and other bacteria and fungi. Here we describe ten koala cathelicidins, five of which contained full length coding sequences that were widely expressed in tissues throughout the body. Focusing on these five, we investigate their antimicrobial activity against two koala<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>pecorum<\/jats:italic>isolates from distinct serovars; MarsBar and IPTaLE, as well as other bacteria and fungi. One cathelicidin, PhciCath5, inactivated<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>pecorum<\/jats:italic>IPTaLE and MarsBar elementary bodies and significantly reduced the number of inclusions compared to the control (p&lt;0.0001). Despite evidence of cathelicidin expression within tissues known to be infected by<jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>, natural PhciCath5 concentrations may be inadequate<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>to prevent or control<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>pecorum<\/jats:italic>infections in koalas. PhciCath5 also displayed antimicrobial activity against fungi and Gram negative and positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>(MRSA). Electrostatic interactions likely drive PhciCath5 adherence to the pathogen cell membrane, followed by membrane permeabilisation leading to cell death. Activity against<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>was reduced in the presence of 10% serum and 20% whole blood. Future modification of the PhciCath5 peptide to enhance activity, including in the presence of serum\/blood, may provide a novel solution to<jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>infection in koalas and other species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T22:35:12Z","timestamp":1618439712000},"page":"e0249658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Koala cathelicidin PhciCath5 has antimicrobial activity, including against Chlamydia pecorum"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Peel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4207-4115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julianne T.","family":"Djordjevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"O\u2019Meally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania C.","family":"Sorrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilhelmina M.","family":"Huston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9762-5554","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katherine","family":"Belov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0249658.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1071\/9780643092204","volume-title":"Life of Marsupials.","author":"H Tyndale-Biscoe","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0249658.ref002","article-title":"After the catastrophe: a blueprint for a conservation response to large-scale ecological disaster","author":"C Dickman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Threatened Species Recovery Hub"},{"key":"pone.0249658.ref003","volume-title":"Water and the Environment. 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