{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:14:57Z","timestamp":1788786897840,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In March 2020, New York City (NYC) experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which resulted in a 78-day mass confinement of all residents other than essential workers. The aims of the current study were to (1) document the breadth of COVID-19 experiences and their impacts on college students of a minority-serving academic institution in NYC; (2) explore associations between patterns of COVID-19 experiences and psychosocial functioning during the prolonged lockdown, and (3) explore sex and racial\/ethnic differences in COVID-19-related experiences and mental health correlates. A total of 909 ethnically and racially diverse students completed an online survey in May 2020. Findings highlight significant impediments to multiple areas of students\u2019 daily life during this period (i.e., home life, work life, social environment, and emotional and physical health) and a vast majority reported heightened symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety. These life disruptions were significantly related to poorer mental health. Moreover, those who reported the loss of a close friend or loved one from COVID-19 (17%) experienced significantly more psychological distress than counterparts with other types of infection-related histories. Nonetheless, the majority (96%) reported at least one positive experience since the pandemic began. Our findings add to a growing understanding of COVID-19 impacts on psychological health and contribute the important perspective of the North American epicenter of the pandemic during the time frame of this investigation. We discuss how the results may inform best practices to support students\u2019 well-being and serve as a benchmark for future studies of US student populations facing COVID-19 and its aftermath.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T18:10:07Z","timestamp":1617819007000},"page":"e0249768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Experiences, impacts and mental health functioning during a COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown: Data from a diverse New York City sample of college students"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2521-6329","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Teresa","family":"L\u00f3pez-Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishanthi J.","family":"Anthonipillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Melara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0249768.ref001","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence","author":"SK Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review","volume":"277","author":"J Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref003","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey","author":"Y Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01540","article-title":"Psychological Impact and Associated Factors During the Initial Stage of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Among the General Population in Spain","volume":"11","author":"R Rodr\u00edguez-Rey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref005","article-title":"Psychological Outcomes Associated with Stay-at-Home Orders and the Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Daily Life","author":"MT Tull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.041","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety and depression symptom, and the demands for psychological knowledge and interventions in college students during COVID-19 epidemic: A large cross-sectional study","author":"ZH Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref007","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and clinical correlates of depression in quarantined population during the COVID-19 outbreak","author":"M Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref008","article-title":"Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain","author":"C Gonz\u00e1lez-Sanguino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref009","article-title":"Initial psychological impact of COVID-19 and its correlates in Indian Community: An online (FEEL-COVID) survey","author":"M Varshney","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref010","article-title":"Psychological distress among health professional students during the COVID-19 outbreak","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref011","article-title":"The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China","author":"W Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref012","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter","author":"N Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref013","unstructured":"Diana C. The economic impact of Covid-19 in New York state by the numbers. 2020 [cited 29 Jul 2020]. https:\/\/www.bizjournals.com\/albany\/news\/2020\/06\/08\/new-york-economic-impact-of-covid-19.html."},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6913e2","article-title":"Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019\u2014United States, February 12\u2013March 28, 2020","volume":"69","author":"N Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref015","unstructured":"Dobkin J, Gottehrer-Cohen Z. The very unequal impact of COVID-19 on NYC neighborhoods. 2020 [cited 29 Jul 2020]. https:\/\/gothamist.com\/news\/very-unequal-impact-covid-19-nyc-neighborhoods."},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref016","unstructured":"New York City Health Department. Age adjusted rate of fatal lab confirmed COVID-19 cases per 100,000 by race\/ethnicity group. 2020 [cited 17 Jul 2020]. https:\/\/www1.nyc.gov\/assets\/doh\/downloads\/pdf\/imm\/covid-19-deaths-race-ethnicity-04082020-1.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref017","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. About half of lower-income Americans report household job or wage loss due to COVID-19. 2020 [cited 30 Jul 2020]. https:\/\/www.pewsocialtrends.org\/2020\/04\/21\/about-half-of-lower-income-americans-report-household-job-or-wage-loss-due-to-covid-19\/psdt_04-21-20_covidimpact-00-7\/."},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8598","article-title":"COVID-19 and Racial\/Ethnic Disparities","volume":"323","author":"M Webb Hooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref019","article-title":"Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality","volume":"8","author":"J-M Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Heal"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref020","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance\u2014United States, January 22\u2013May 30, 2020","author":"EK Stokes","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref021","unstructured":"Azcona G, Bhatt A, Love K. Ipsos survey confirms that COVID-19 is intensifying women\u2019s workload at home. 2020. https:\/\/data.unwomen.org\/features\/ipsos-survey-confirms-covid-19-intensifying-womens-workload-home."},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref022","unstructured":"Frederiksen B, Gomez I, Salganicoff A, Ranji U. Coronavirus: A look at gender differences in awareness and actions. KFF Coronavirus Poll: March 2020. 2020. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/coronavirus-covid-19\/issue-brief\/coronavirus-a-look-at-gender-differences-in-awareness-and-actions\/."},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref023","unstructured":"Hamel L, Salganicoff A. Is there a widening gender gap in coronavirus stress? KFF Coronavirus Poll: March 2020. 2020. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/coronavirus-policy-watch\/is-there-widening-gender-gap-in-coronavirus-stress\/."},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref024","unstructured":"Hupkau C, Petrongolo B. COVID-19 and gender gaps: Latest evidence and lessons from the UK. 2020. https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/covid-19-and-gender-gaps-latest-evidence-and-lessons-uk."},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref025","unstructured":"CCNY Office of Institutional Research. INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH. 2019 [cited 12 Aug 2020]. https:\/\/www.ccny.cuny.edu\/institutionalresearch."},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref026","article-title":"Mobility Report Cards: The Role of Colleges in Intergenerational Mobility","author":"R Chetty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl Bur Econ Res Work Pap"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.009","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of PTSD and depressive symptoms one month after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in a sample of home-quarantined Chinese university students","volume":"274","author":"W Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref028","article-title":"University reopening plans under fire","author":"J Madhusoodanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref029","first-page":"55","article-title":"Attention check items and instructions in online surveys with incentivized and non-incentivizedquality?Samples: Boon or bane for data","volume":"14","author":"H Shamon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surv Res Methods"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref030","article-title":"Using Instructed Response Items as Attention Checks in Web Surveys: Properties and Implementation","author":"T Gummer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sociol Methods Res"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref031","article-title":"Answering without reading: IMCs and strong satisficing in online surveys","author":"E Anduiza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Public Opin Res"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref032","unstructured":"CCNY Office of Institutional Research. City Facts Fall 2018. New York; 2019."},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref033","article-title":"A Person-Centered Approach to ProfilingCOVID-Related Experiences in the United States: Preliminary Findings from the Epidemic-Pandemic Impacts Inventory (EPII)","author":"D Grasso","year":"2020","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref034","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample","author":"MM Antony","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5503&4_17","article-title":"Psychometric Characteristics of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support","volume":"55","author":"GD Zimet","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref038","unstructured":"Zimet G. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)\u2014Scale Items and Scoring Information. 2016 [cited 12 Aug 2020]. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/311534896_Multidimensional_Scale_of_Perceived_Social_Support_MSPSS_-_Scale_Items_and_Scoring_Information."},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3703-5","article-title":"The Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5): Development and Evaluation Within a Veteran Primary Care Sample","volume":"31","author":"A Prins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref040","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective","author":"JFj Hair","year":"2010","edition":"7"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6924e1","article-title":"Public Attitudes, Behaviors, and Beliefs Related to COVID-19, Stay-at-Home Orders, Nonessential Business Closures, and Public Health Guidance\u2014United States, New York City, and Los Angeles, May 5\u201312, 2020","volume":"69","author":"M\u00c9 Czeisler","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref042","unstructured":"NYC Health. COVID-19: Data. 2020 [cited 12 Aug 2020]. https:\/\/www1.nyc.gov\/site\/doh\/covid\/covid-19-data.page."},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.157222","article-title":"Alternative Dietary Indices Both Strongly Predict Risk of Chronic Disease","volume":"142","author":"SE Chiuve","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq155","article-title":"Leisure Time Spent Sitting in Relation to Total Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of US Adults","volume":"172","author":"A V Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-016-1208-5","article-title":"The epidemiology of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III","volume":"51","author":"RB Goldstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref046","article-title":"The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Waves 1 and 2: review and summary of findings","author":"DS Hasin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref047","article-title":"Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults","author":"CR Brewin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref048","article-title":"Association of Cardiac Injury with Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","author":"S Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112958","article-title":"Unprecedented disruption of lives and work: Health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"288","author":"SX Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref050","article-title":"Emotional Distress in Young Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence of Risk and Resilience From a Longitudinal Cohort Study","author":"L Shanahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref051","article-title":"Grief rituals: Aspects that facilitate adjustment to bereavement","author":"J Castle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Loss Trauma"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref052","article-title":"Frontline grief: The workplace support needs of community palliative care nurses after the death of a patient","author":"EA Lobb","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hosp Palliat Nurs"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref053","article-title":"Two Decades Ago, The FDA and NIH Mandated the Use of Race to Categorize Subjects and Report Results in Medical and Scientific Research They Oversee. It was a Huge Mistake","author":"D Bernstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yale J Regul"},{"key":"pone.0249768.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.05.003","article-title":"Stress resilience during the coronavirus pandemic","volume":"35","author":"CH Vinkers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0337819","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249768","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T18:11:03Z","timestamp":1617819063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249768"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Fuschia M.","family":"Sirois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249768","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]}}}