{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:14:57Z","timestamp":1787739297620,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5 NU2GGH00163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 NU2GGH00163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009041","name":"National Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>New HIV infection during pre-conception and pregnancy is a significant contributor of mother\u2013to\u2013child transmission of HIV in South Africa. This study estimated HIV incidence (defined as new infection within the last one year from the time of the survey which included both new infections occurred during pregnancy or just before pregnancy) among pregnant women and described the characteristics of recently infected pregnant women at national level.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Between 1 October and 15 November 2017, we conducted a national cross\u2013sectional survey among pregnant women aged 15\u201349 years old attending antenatal care at 1,595 public facilities. Blood specimens were collected from pregnant women and tested for HIV in a centralised laboratory. Plasma viral load and Limiting Antigen Avidity Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay (LAg) tests were further performed on HIV positive specimens to differentiate between recent and long\u2013term infections. Recent infection was defined as infection that occurred within one year from the date of collection of blood specimen for the survey. Data on age, age of partner, and marital status were collected through interviews. Women whose specimens were classified as recent by LAg assay and with viral loads &gt;1,000 copies\/mL were considered as recently infected. The calculated proportion of HIV positive women with recent infection was adjusted for assay\u2013specific parameters to estimate annual incidence. Survey multinomial logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with being recently infected using HIV negative women as a reference group. Age\u2013disparate relationship was defined as having a partner 5 or more years older.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of 10,049 HIV positive participants with LAg and viral load data, 1.4% (136) were identified as recently infected. The annual HIV incidence was 1.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2\u20131.7). In multivariable analyses, being single (adjusted odds ratio, aOR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.8\u20136.2) or cohabiting (aOR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.8\u20137.7), compared to being married as well as being in an age\u2013disparate relationship among young women (aOR: 3.1, 95% CI: 2.0\u20134.7; reference group: young women (15\u201324years) whose partners were not 5 years or more older) were associated with higher odds of recent infection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Compared to previous studies among pregnant women, the incidence estimated in this study was substantially lower. However, the UNAIDS target to reduce incidence by 75% by 2020 (which is equivalent to reducing incidence to &lt;1%) has not been met. The implementation of HIV prevention and treatment interventions should be intensified, targeting young women engaged in age\u2013disparate relationship and unmarried women to fast track progress towards the UNAIDS target.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T22:57:52Z","timestamp":1618441072000},"page":"e0249953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Recent HIV infection among pregnant women in the 2017 antenatal sentinel cross\u2013sectional survey, South Africa: Assay\u2013based incidence measurement"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5023-3561","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Selamawit","family":"Woldesenbet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tendesayi","family":"Kufa-Chakezha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2136-6533","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carl","family":"Lombard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Manda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Cheyip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kassahun","family":"Ayalew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Chirombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karidia","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharat","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Puren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0249953.ref001","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Association of Public Health Laboratories. Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of HIV infection: updated recommendations, 2014 [cited: 08\/07\/18]. Available from: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/23447."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249953.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001608","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001608","article-title":"Incident HIV during pregnancy and postpartum and risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"AL Drake","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0249953.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1086\/590501","article-title":"HIV-1 transmission, by stage of infection","volume":"198","author":"TD Hollingsworth","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref004","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Progress towards Start free Stay free, AIDS free targets, 2020 report [cited 15\/12\/20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2020\/start-free-stay-free-aids-free-2020-progress-report."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0249953.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0130321","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130321","article-title":"Correction: Impact of Maternal HIV Seroconversion during Pregnancy on Early Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (MTCT) Measured at 4\u20138 Weeks Postpartum in South Africa 2011\u20132012: A National Population-Based Evaluation","volume":"10","author":"TH Dinh","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249953.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy113","article-title":"Increased Risk of HIV Acquisition Among Women Throughout Pregnancy and During the Postpartum Period: A Prospective Per-Coital-Act Analysis Among Women With HIV-Infected Partners","volume":"218","author":"KA Thomson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref007","article-title":"Incident HIV among pregnant and breastfeeding women in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"LA Graybill","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0249953.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199104043241405","article-title":"Transient high levels of viremia in patients with primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection","volume":"324","author":"ES Daar","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0249953.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200309050-00005","article-title":"Dynamics of HIV viremia and antibody seroconversion in plasma donors: implications for diagnosis and staging of primary HIV infection","volume":"17","author":"EW Fiebig","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0249953.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70288-7","article-title":"Triple antiretroviral compared with zidovudine and single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis during pregnancy and breastfeeding for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 (Kesho Bora study): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"G Kesho Bora Study","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref011","unstructured":"Guideline for the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of Communicable Infections (HIV, Hepatitis, Listeriosis, Malaria, Syphilis and TB) 2019 [cited:12\/03\/20]. Available from: http:\/\/www.nicd.ac.za\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Guidelines-for-the-Prevention-of-Transmission-of-Communicable-Diseases-from-mother-to-child_28-October.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref012","unstructured":"2019 ART clinical guidelines for the managment of HIV in adults, pregnancy, adolescents, children, infants and neonates, published October 2019,republic of South Africa National Department of Health [cited:12\/03\/20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.knowledgehub.org.za\/elibrary\/2019-art-clinical-guidelines-management-hiv-adults-pregnancy-adolescents-children-infants."},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref013","unstructured":"WHO Technical brief: Preventing HIV during pregnancy and breastfeeding in the context of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO [cited: 15\/02\/20]. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/255866\/WHO-HIV-2017.09-eng.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249953.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v19i1.915","article-title":"Guidelines to support HIV-affected individuals and couples to achieve pregnancy safely: Update 2018","volume":"19","author":"N Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref015","unstructured":"National Department of Health. Guidelines for the Provision of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (Prep) to Persons at Substantial Risk of HIV Infection, August 2019 [cited: 08\/01\/20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.myprep.co.za\/PrEP%20Guidelines%20Final%2020%20Aug%202019.pdf."},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0249953.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834a9338","article-title":"Increased risk of HIV-1 transmission in pregnancy: a prospective study among African HIV-1-serodiscordant couples","volume":"25","author":"NR Mugo","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-843","article-title":"South Africans with recent pregnancy rarely know partner\u2019s HIV serostatus: implications for serodiscordant couples interventions","volume":"14","author":"LT Matthews","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249953.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001225","article-title":"Sexual Behavior and Vaginal Practices During Pregnancy and Postpartum: Implications for HIV Prevention Strategies","volume":"74","author":"J Kinuthia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249953.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1421-6","article-title":"Incident HIV during pregnancy and early postpartum period: a population-based cohort study in a rural area in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"17","author":"T Chetty","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18585","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.1.18585","article-title":"Early adolescent pregnancy increases risk of incident HIV infection in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: a longitudinal study","volume":"17","author":"NJ Christofides","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0249953.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3182576c07","article-title":"A new general biomarker-based incidence estimator","volume":"23","author":"R Kassanjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249953.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2013.0113","article-title":"Short Communication: Defining optimality of a test for recent infection for HIV incidence surveillance","volume":"30","author":"R Kassanjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0249953.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001209","article-title":"Viral load criteria and threshold optimization to improve HIV incidence assay characteristics","volume":"30","author":"R Kassanjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref024","unstructured":"UNAIDS\/WHO Working Group on Global HIV\/AIDS and STI Surveillance. When and how to use assays for recent infection to estimate HIV incidence at a population level, 2011 [cited: 08\/08\/19]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/diagnostics_laboratory\/hiv_incidence_may13_final.pdf."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0249953.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2018.0284","article-title":"Field Validation of Limiting-Antigen Avidity Enzyme Immunoassay to Estimate HIV-1 Incidence in Cross-Sectional Survey in Swaziland","volume":"35","author":"YT Duong","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref026","unstructured":"Woldesenbet SA, Kufa T, Lombard C, Manda S, Ayalew K, Cheyip M, et al., (2018). The 2017 National Antenatal Sentinel HIV Survey, South Africa, National Department of Health [cited: 02\/03\/19]. Avaialble from: https:\/\/www.nicd.ac.za\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Antenatal_survey-report_24July19.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref027","unstructured":"Stats-SA. Mid-year population estimates, 2017. Statistical release P0302 [cited: 03\/08\/18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.statssa.gov.za\/publications\/P0302\/P03022017.pdf."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0249953.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0204840","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204840","article-title":"Cross-sectional estimates revealed high HIV incidence in Botswana rural communities in the era of successful ART scale-up in 2013\u20132015","volume":"13","author":"S Moyo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249953.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0114947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114947","article-title":"Recalibration of the Limiting Antigen Avidity EIA to Determine Mean Duration of Recent Infection in Divergent HIV-1 Subtypes","volume":"10","author":"YT Duong","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref030","unstructured":"UNAIDS [Global HIV stratgic information working group] (2018) Recent infection testing algorithm technical update: Applications for HIV surveillance and programme monitoring. Geneva: UNAIDS [cited 17\/12\/20]. Avaiable from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/infection_testing_algorithm_en.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249953.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001656","article-title":"HIV Risk Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Age-Disparate Partnerships: Evidence From KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"78","author":"B Maughan-Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0249953.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000198","article-title":"Do age-disparate relationships drive HIV incidence in young women? Evidence from a population cohort in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"66","author":"G Harling","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0249953.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001553","article-title":"Sexual partnership age pairings and risk of HIV acquisition in rural South Africa","volume":"31","author":"A Akullian","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0249953.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832a5934","article-title":"High HIV incidence during pregnancy: compelling reason for repeat HIV testing","volume":"23","author":"D Moodley","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0249953.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir017","article-title":"Incident HIV infection in pregnant and lactating women and its effect on mother-to-child transmission in South Africa","volume":"203","author":"D Moodley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0249953.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy388","article-title":"Targeted Pregnancy and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention Risk-Reduction Counseling for Young Women: Lessons Learned from Biomedical Prevention Trials","volume":"218","author":"G Ramjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"#cr-split#-pone.0249953.ref037.1","unstructured":"Kharsany ABM, Cawood C, Lewis L, Puren A, George G, Govender K, et al. (2019). The HIV Incidence Provincial Surveillance System: Combined report for the 2014 Survey and 2016 Cohort"},{"key":"#cr-split#-pone.0249953.ref037.2","unstructured":"2015 Survey and 2017 Cohort, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa [cited: 28\/02\/20]. Available from: https:\/\/epicentre.org.za\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/e-Book-HIPSS-2014-2017-Combined-comparison-report_Final_21Feb2020-3.pdf."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0249953.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0209782","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209782","article-title":"HIV incidence among pregnant and postpartum women in a high prevalence setting","volume":"13","author":"R Machekano","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0249953.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0181691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181691","article-title":"Low HIV incidence in pregnant and postpartum women receiving a community-based combination HIV prevention intervention in a high HIV incidence setting in South Africa","volume":"12","author":"G Fatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0249953.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5508","DOI":"10.3390\/v7102887","article-title":"Identifying Recent HIV Infections: From Serological Assays to Genomics","volume":"7","author":"S Moyo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249953.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v20i1.963","article-title":"Baseline CD4 and mortality trends in the South African human immunodeficiency virus programme: Analysis of routine data","volume":"20","author":"RR Lilian","year":"2019","journal-title":"South Afr J HIV Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249953.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182a39979","article-title":"Immunodeficiency at the start of combination antiretroviral therapy in low-, middle-, and high-income countries","volume":"65","author":"IeDEA and ART Cohort Collaborations","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.02.019","article-title":"Health outcomes of asymptomatic HIV-infected pregnant women initiating antiretroviral therapy at different baseline CD4 counts in Ethiopia","volume":"82","author":"Y Ejigu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0249953.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110187","article-title":"Enhanced CD4+ T-cell recovery with earlier HIV-1 antiretroviral therapy","volume":"368","author":"T Le","year":"2013","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002468","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002468","article-title":"Estimating the impact of antiretroviral treatment on adult mortality trends in South Africa: a mathematical modelling study","volume":"14","author":"LF Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0249953.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0192982","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192982","article-title":"Sexual risk during pregnancy and postpartum periods among HIV-infected and -uninfected South African women: Implications for primary and secondary HIV prevention interventions","volume":"13","author":"D Joseph Davey","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0249953.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155498","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155498","article-title":"Identifying Risk Factors for Recent HIV Infection in Kenya Using a Recent Infection Testing Algorithm: Results from a Nationally Representative Population-Based Survey","volume":"11","author":"AA Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0249953.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0208963","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208963","article-title":"Factors associated with risk of HIV-infection among pregnant women in Cameroon: Evidence from the 2016 national sentinel surveillance survey of HIV and syphilis","volume":"14","author":"JD Anoubissi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0249953.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2010.010379","article-title":"Male partner voluntary counselling and testing associated with the antenatal services in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"J Ditekemena","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal Of STD & AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-769","article-title":"Mistrust in marriage\u2014reasons why men do not accept couple HIV testing during antenatal care- a qualitative study in eastern Uganda","volume":"10","author":"EC Larsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0249953.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002221","article-title":"Modelling the potential impact of providing preexposure prophylaxis in pregnant and breastfeeding women in South Africa","volume":"33","author":"DL Joseph Davey","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0249953.ref052","first-page":"751","article-title":"A Risk Assessment Tool for Identifying Pregnant and Postpartum Women Who May Benefit From Preexposure Prophylaxis","volume":"64","author":"J Pintye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0249953.ref053","volume-title":"South African national HIV prevalence, incidence, behaviour and communication survey","author":"LC Simbayi","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249953","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T22:59:30Z","timestamp":1618441170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249953"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marcel","family":"Yotebieng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249953","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]}}}