{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T02:24:58Z","timestamp":1788143098310,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP19fk0108049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fk0108049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","award":["JP20fk0108139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20fk0108139"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the pathogenic <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. Canine and human leptospirosis sometimes occur on Amami Oshima Island, located in the Nansei Archipelago, southwestern Japan; however, information on the causative <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. on this island is quite limited. This study aimed to investigate the molecular and serological characteristics of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. isolated from wild animals and a dog in Amami Oshima Island. We obtained seven <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> strains by culturing kidney tissues of wild animals, such as black rats (2), wild boars (3), and rabbit (1) as well as blood from a symptomatic dog. Using <jats:italic>flaB<\/jats:italic> sequencing and microscopic agglutination test with antisera for 18 serovars, the isolates were identified as <jats:italic>Leptospira borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic> serogroups Javanica (black rat), <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>interrogans<\/jats:italic> serogroup Australis (black rat and dog), and <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>interrogans<\/jats:italic> serogroup Hebdomadis (wild boar and rabbit). The sequence type (ST) of <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic> serogroup Javanica was determined to be ST143 via multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using seven housekeeping genes. For <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>interrogans<\/jats:italic>, MLST and multiple-locus variable-tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) revealed identical ST and MLVA types in rat and canine isolates, whereas two STs and MLVA types were identified in wild boar isolates. The STs and MLVA types of rabbit and one of the wild boars were identical. Bacterial culture and <jats:italic>flaB<\/jats:italic>-nested polymerase chain reaction demonstrated a high rate of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> infection in wild boars (58.3%, 7\/12), whereas <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. were detected in 4.8% of black rats (2\/42). This study revealed diverse <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> genotype and serotype maintenance in wild mammals on Amami Oshima Island. MLST and MLVA indicated that black rats were a source of canine infection. Wild boars carry <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>interrogans<\/jats:italic> and are considered an important maintenance host because antibodies against serogroup Hebdomadis were detected in human and canine leptospirosis patients on this island.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T18:46:34Z","timestamp":1619117194000},"page":"e0249987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Molecular epidemiology of Leptospira spp. among wild mammals and a dog in Amami Oshima Island, Japan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4976-6405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"So","family":"Shinya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukinori","family":"Muraoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daigo","family":"Negishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5733-535X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nobuo","family":"Koizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0249987.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2","article-title":"Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"3","author":"AR Bharti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0249987.ref002","volume-title":"Leptospira and Leptospirosis","author":"S Faine","year":"1999","edition":"2"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0249987.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.07.008","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis","volume":"40","author":"RE Goldstein","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249987.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"PN Levett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0249987.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007374","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007374","article-title":"Genus-wide Leptospira core genome multilocus sequence typing for strain taxonomy and global surveillance","volume":"13","author":"J Guglielmini","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0249987.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007270","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007270","article-title":"Revisiting the taxonomy and evolution of pathogenicity of the genus Leptospira through the prism of genomics","volume":"13","author":"AT Vincent","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0249987.ref007","unstructured":"Bolin CA. 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