{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:08:03Z","timestamp":1740146883239,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Kakenhi","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["18H04082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H04082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008732","name":"Uehara Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Program by the Japan Science and Technology Agency"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrical stimulation involving visual areas of the brain produces artificial light percepts called phosphenes. These visual percepts have been extensively investigated in previous studies involving intracortical microsimulation (ICMS) and serve as the basis for developing a visual prosthesis for the blind. Although advances have been achieved, many challenges still remain with implementing a functional ICMS for visual rehabilitation purposes. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary occipital lobe offers an alternative method to produce phosphenes non-invasively. A main challenge facing blind individuals involves navigation. Within the scientific community, methods to evaluate the ability of a visual prosthesis to facilitate in navigation has been neglected. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of evoking lateralized phosphenes to navigate a computer simulated virtual environment. More importantly, we demonstrate how virtual environments along with the development of a visual prosthesis share a mutual relationship benefiting both patients and researchers. Using two TMS devices, a pair of 40mm figure-of-eight coils were placed over each occipital hemisphere resulting in lateralized phosphene perception. Participants were tasked with making a series of left and right turns using peripheral devices depending on the visual hemifield in which a phosphene is present. If a participant was able to accurately perceive all ten phosphenes, the simulated target is able to advance and fully exit the virtual environment. Our findings demonstrate that participants can interpret lateralized phosphenes while highlighting the integration of computer based virtual environments to evaluate the capability of a visual prosthesis during navigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T21:36:14Z","timestamp":1618436174000},"page":"e0249996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inducing lateralized phosphenes over the occipital lobe using transcranial magnetic stimulation to navigate a virtual environment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1335-1497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adonay N.","family":"Gebrehiwot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimitaka","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0249996.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.3390\/s19153404","article-title":"Navigation systems for the blind and visually impaired: past work, challenges, and open problems","volume":"19","author":"S Real","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0249996.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.092270","article-title":"Stem cells in retinal regeneration: past, present, and future","volume":"140","author":"CM Ramsden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249996.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.121","article-title":"Optogenetic vision restoration using rhodopsin for enhanced sensitivity","volume":"23","author":"BM Gaub","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0249996.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ORSFa1","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19125","article-title":"Preface: sight restoration through stem cell therapy","volume":"57","author":"JG Chader","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0249996.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.220","article-title":"In vivo CRISPR\/Cas9 gene editing corrects retinal dystrophy in the S334ter-3 rat model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"24","author":"B Bakondi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular Therapy"},{"key":"pone.0249996.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20565","article-title":"In vivo genome editing via CRISPR\/Cas9 mediated homology-independent targeted integration","volume":"540","author":"K Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0249996.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036013","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/3\/036013","article-title":"Vision function testing for a suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis: effects of image filtering","volume":"13","author":"N Barnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0249996.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.06.049","article-title":"Five-year safety and performance results from the argus II retinal prosthesis system clinical trial","volume":"123","author":"L da Cruz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0249996.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1068\/p6100","article-title":"Visual prosthesis","volume":"37","author":"PH Schiller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"pone.0249996.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160529","article-title":"Psychophysical evaluation for visual prosthesis","volume":"10","author":"G. Dagnelie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"pone.0249996.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.02.003","article-title":"Simulating prosthetic vision: I. visual models of phosphenes","volume":"49","author":"SC Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0249996.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2013.07.001","article-title":"Visual prostheses for the blind","volume":"31","author":"RK Shepherd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Biotechnology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0249996.ref013","article-title":"Development of visual neuroprostheses: trends and challenges","volume":"4","author":"E Fernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioelectronic Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249996.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008519","article-title":"The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex","volume":"196","author":"GS Brindley","year":"1968","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"4123","key":"pone.0249996.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1126\/science.183.4123.440","article-title":"Artificial vision for the blind: electrical stimulation of visual cortex offers hope for a functional prosthesis","volume":"183","author":"WH Dobelle","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0249996.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02442682","article-title":"Visual sensations produced by intracortical microstimulation of the human occipital cortex","volume":"28","author":"M Bak","year":"1990","journal-title":"Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249996.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.2.507","article-title":"Feasibility of a visual prosthesis for the blind based on intracortical micro stimulation of the visual cortex","volume":"119","author":"EM Schmidt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0249996.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00002480-200001000-00002","article-title":"Artificial vision for the blind by connecting a television camera to the visual cortex","volume":"46","author":"WH Dobelle","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Society for Artificial Internal Organs"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249996.ref019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Approaches to a cortical vision prosthesis: implications of electrode size and placement","volume":"13","author":"P Breanne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"issue":"689","key":"pone.0249996.ref020","article-title":"Tissue response to neural implants: the use of model systems toward new design solutions of implantable microelectrodes","volume":"13","author":"M Gulino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0249996.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518","article-title":"Neural stimulation and recording electrodes","volume":"10","author":"SF Cogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0249996.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(02)00311-9","article-title":"Retinal prosthesis for the blind","volume":"47","author":"E Margalit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Survey of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"36","key":"pone.0249996.ref023","article-title":"New vision for visual prostheses","volume":"14","author":"A Farnum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0249996.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf045","article-title":"Changes in visual cortex excitability in blind subjects as demonstrated by transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"125","author":"J Gothe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"72","key":"pone.0249996.ref025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Navigating a 2D virtual world using direct brain stimulation","volume":"3","author":"MD Losey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI"},{"key":"pone.0249996.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.11.020","article-title":"Restoration of vision in blind individuals using bionic devices: a review with a focus on cortical visual prostheses","volume":"1595","author":"MP Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"pone.0249996.ref027","article-title":"A novel approach for documenting phosphenes induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"38","author":"S Elkin-Frankston","year":"2010","journal-title":"JoVE"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0249996.ref028","article-title":"A direct brain-to-brain interface in humans","volume":"9","author":"RPN Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0249996.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199405000-00001","article-title":"Phosphenes induced by magnetic stimulation over the occipital brain: description and probable site of stimulation","volume":"71","author":"E Marg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0249996.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137303","article-title":"Playing 20 questions with the mind: collaborative problem solving by humans using a brain-to-brain interface","volume":"10","author":"A Stocco","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0249996.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02288391","article-title":"The theory of the estimation of test reliability","volume":"2","author":"GF Kuder","year":"1937","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"pone.0249996.ref032","volume-title":"Elements of Information Theory","author":"TM Cover","year":"2006","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0249996.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-1992-0","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the visual system. II. Characterization of induced phosphenes and scotomas","volume":"160","author":"T Kammer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"pone.0249996.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht131","article-title":"Subjective characteristics of tms-induced phosphenes originating in human v1 and v2","volume":"24","author":"N Salminen-Vaparanta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0249996.ref035","first-page":"2010","article-title":"Spontaneous fluctuations in posterior alpha-band activity reflect variability in excitability of human visual areas","volume":"18","author":"V Romei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0249996.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4341","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv015","article-title":"Phosphene perception relates to visual cortex glutamate levels and covaries with atypical visuospatial awareness","volume":"25","author":"DB Terhune","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"921","key":"pone.0249996.ref037","article-title":"Microscopic magnetic stimulation of neural tissue","volume":"3","author":"G Bonmassar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"2463","key":"pone.0249996.ref038","article-title":"Activation of the central nervous system induced by micro-magnetic stimulation","volume":"4","author":"HJ Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0249996.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2748136","article-title":"Micromagnetic stimulation of the mouse auditory cortex in vivo using an implantable solenoid system","volume":"65","author":"S Minusa","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0249996.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aaa0dd","article-title":"Magnetic stimulation in the microscale: the development of a 6 \u00d7 6 array of micro-coils for stimulation of excitable cells in vitro","volume":"4","author":"ME Rizou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0249996.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2631446","article-title":"Enhanced control of cortical pyramidal neurons with micromagnetic stimulation","volume":"25","author":"SW Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249996","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T21:37:16Z","timestamp":1618436236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249996"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249996","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]}}}