{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T16:46:01Z","timestamp":1772210761066,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Finance of Panama","award":["92,000, SINIP: 9044 \u2013 059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92,000, SINIP: 9044 \u2013 059"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      More than 85% of the malaria cases in Panama occur in poor, rural and indigenous regions like Darien Province. Vector diversity, infection rate and spatial distribution are important entomological parameters of malaria transmission dynamics. Their understanding is crucial for the development of effective disease control strategies. The objective of this study was to determine the composition of\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, their natural infection rate and their geographic distribution to better understand the malaria transmission dynamics in Dari\u00e9n, Panama.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Anophelines mosquitoes were captured during the rainy and dry season of 2016. We selected five communities where adult anophelines were collected using CDC light-traps, and through protective human-baited traps. Detection of natural infection and\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotype were detected via nested PCR through the amplification of ssrRNA and the circumsporozoite protein gene (csp), respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 1,063 mosquitoes were collected mosquitoes were collected for the detection of natural infection with\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium spp<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Nine Anophelines species were identified, with the predominant species being:\n                      <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>(Nys<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>) darlingi<\/jats:italic>\n                      (45.0%) and\n                      <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>(Nys<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>) albimanus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (42.6%). Natural infection in\n                      <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>(Nys<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>) albimanus<\/jats:italic>\n                      with\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected in one mosquito pool from the community Pueblo Tortuga (0.6%), three from Marraganti (1.7%), two from Bajo Chiquito (1.1%) and three pools from Alto Playona 3 (1.7%). For\n                      <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>(Nys<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>) darlingi<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes, we detected seven positive pools from the community Bajo Chiquito (4.0%), two pools from Marraganti (1.1%) and two pools from Alto Playona (1.1%). The\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      allelic variant VK210 was detected in infected mosquitoes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results from this study provide new information on the transmission dynamics associated with anophelines vectors in the Dari\u00e9n region. This is the first report of natural\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in\n                      <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>(Nys<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>) darlingi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and its incrimination as a potential malaria vector in this region of Panama. Additional studies are necessary to expand our knowledge and determine crucial parameters in malaria transmission in Dari\u00e9n, which in turn will aid the National Malaria Program in attaining an adequate malaria control strategy towards malaria elimination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T13:25:01Z","timestamp":1620048301000},"page":"e0250059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Natural malaria infection in anophelines vectors and their incrimination in local malaria transmission in Dari\u00e9n, Panama"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rolando","family":"Torres-Cosme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chystrie","family":"Rigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Santamar\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Victoria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 E.","family":"Calzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2025-6893","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"C\u00e1ceres Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0250059.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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