{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:53:39Z","timestamp":1773248019793,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Endowment Fund Secretariate"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many phytochemicals can affect the growth and development of plants and insects which can be used as biological control agents. In this study, different concentrations of crude, hexane, chloroform, butanol, and aqueous extracts of <jats:italic>Euphorbia nivulia<\/jats:italic> Buch.-Ham., an endemic plant of the Cholistan desert in South Punjab of Pakistan, were analysed for their chemical constituents. Their various concentrations were also tested for their phytotoxic and insecticidal potential against duckweed, <jats:italic>Lemna minor<\/jats:italic> L., and the dusky cotton bug, <jats:italic>Oxycarenus hyalinipennis<\/jats:italic> Costa. various polyphenols, i.e., quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid were detected in different concentrations with different solvents during the phytochemical screening of <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>nivulia<\/jats:italic>. In the phytotoxicity test, except for 100 \u03bcg\/mL of the butanol extract gave 4.5% growth regulation, no phytotoxic lethality could be found at 10 and 100 \u03bcg\/mL of all the extracts. The highest concentration, 1000 \u03bcg\/mL, of the chloroform, crude, and butanol extracts showed 100, 63.1, and 27.1% of growth inhibition in duckweed, respectively. In the insecticidal bioassay, the highest <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hyalinipennis<\/jats:italic> mortalities (87 and 75%) were recorded at 15% concentration of the chloroform and butanol extracts of <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>nivulia<\/jats:italic>. In contrast, the lower concentrations of the <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>nivulia<\/jats:italic> extracts caused the lower mortalities. Altogether, these findings revealed that <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>nivulia<\/jats:italic> chloroform extracts showed significant phytotoxicity while all the extracts showed insecticidal potential. This potential can be, further, refined to be developed for bio-control agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T17:44:20Z","timestamp":1619804660000},"page":"e0250118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Extracts of Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. showed both phytotoxic and insecticidal capacities against Lemna minor L. and Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Younus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Mohtasheemul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sajjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bushra","family":"Saddq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gulam","family":"Sarwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2463-2665","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Irfan","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ambreen","family":"Maqsood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunny","family":"Ahmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Freddy","family":"Mora-Poblete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farazia","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3540-4449","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jen-Tsung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Noureldeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadeer","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0250118.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.01020","article-title":"Research Progress on the use of Plant Allelopathy in Agriculture and the Physiological and Ecological Mechanisms of Allelopathy","volume":"6","author":"F. 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