{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:58:23Z","timestamp":1791849503350,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UC San Diego Global Health Initiative","award":["1001288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001288"]}]},{"name":"UC San Diego Global Health Initiative","award":["1001288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001288"]}]},{"name":"UC San Diego Global Health Initiative","award":["1001288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001288"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>How do attitudes toward vaccination change over the course of a public health crisis? We report results from a longitudinal survey of United States residents during six months (March 16 \u2013August 16, 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic. Contrary to past research suggesting that the increased salience of a disease threat should improve attitudes toward vaccines, we observed a decrease in intentions of getting a COVID-19 vaccine when one becomes available. We further found a decline in general vaccine attitudes and intentions of getting the influenza vaccine. Analyses of heterogeneity indicated that this decline is driven by participants who identify as Republicans, who showed a negative trend in vaccine attitudes and intentions, whereas Democrats remained largely stable. Consistent with research on risk perception and behavior, those with less favorable attitudes toward a COVID-19 vaccination also perceived the virus to be less threatening. We provide suggestive evidence that differential exposure to media channels and social networks could explain the observed asymmetric polarization between self-identified Democrats and Republicans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T13:43:55Z","timestamp":1618580635000},"page":"e0250123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":581,"title":["COVID-19 and vaccine hesitancy: A longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2778-2474","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ariel","family":"Fridman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Gershon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayelet","family":"Gneezy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0250123.ref001","first-page":"4031","author":"WA Orenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Simply put: vaccination saves lives"},{"key":"pone.0250123.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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