{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:44:52Z","timestamp":1791247492612,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006120","name":"Ministry of the Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["The Japan Environment and Children's Study"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The Japan Environment and Children's Study"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006120","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The influence of mothers\u2019 and fathers\u2019 educational levels in separate evaluations of asthma has not been fully investigated. This study aims to examine the associations of the mother\u2019s and fathers\u2019 educational levels with childhood wheeze and asthma adjusting for crude and pre-and post-natal modifiable risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a prospective cohort study using data from the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study, which recruited pregnant women from 2011 to 2014. The mother\u2019s and father\u2019s educational levels were surveyed by a questionnaire during the pregnancy, and childhood wheezing and doctor-diagnosed asthma were estimated using a 3-year questionnaire. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between the mother\u2019s and father\u2019s educational levels and childhood wheezing and asthma, adjusted for pre-and post-natal factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 69,607 pairs of parents and their single infants were analyzed. We found 17.3% of children had wheezing and 7.7% had asthma. In crude analyses, lower educational level of parents was associated with an increased risk of childhood wheezing and asthma. After full adjustment, a lower educational level of mothers was associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma (junior high school (reference: high school); odds ratio (OR): 1.17, 95% CI, 1.01\u20131.36), and higher educational level, especially the mother\u2019s, was associated with an increased risk of childhood wheezing (technical junior college, technical\/vocational college, or associate degree (ECD3); OR: 1.12, 95% CI, 1.06\u20131.18, bachelor\u2019s degree, or postgraduate degree; OR: 1.10, 95% CI, 1.03\u20131.18), and asthma (ECD3; OR: 1.13, 95% CI, 1.04\u20131.21).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parents\u2019 lower educational level was a crude risk factor for childhood wheezing and asthma. However, an increased risk of wheezing due to mothers\u2019 higher educational level was found after adjusting for pre-and post-natal factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1618582241000},"page":"e0250255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Parental educational level and childhood wheezing and asthma: A prospective cohort study from the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6211-8202","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yasuaki","family":"Saijo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3316-1057","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eiji","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshinobu","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Azuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Tanahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiya","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumitaka","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Machiko","family":"Minatoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2510-4757","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yu","family":"Ait Bamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Itoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chihiro","family":"Miyashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3065-262X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Atsuko","family":"Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Kishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study (JECS) 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