{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:31:05Z","timestamp":1792794665737,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ohio State University","award":["Seed grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Seed grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An Opioid Treatment Desert is an area with limited accessibility to medication-assisted treatment and recovery facilities for Opioid Use Disorder. We explored the concept of Opioid Treatment Deserts including racial differences in potential spatial accessibility and applied it to one Midwestern urban county using high resolution spatiotemporal data.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We obtained individual-level data from one Emergency Medical Services (EMS) agency (Columbus Fire Department) in Franklin County, Ohio. Opioid overdose events were based on EMS runs where naloxone was administered from 1\/1\/2013 to 12\/31\/2017. Potential spatial accessibility was measured as the time (in minutes) it would take an individual, who may decide to seek treatment after an opioid overdose, to travel from where they had the overdose event, which was a proxy measure of their residential location, to the nearest opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment provider that provided medically-assisted treatment (MAT). We estimated accessibility measures overall, by race and by four types of treatment providers (any type of MAT for OUD, Buprenorphine, Methadone, or Naltrexone). Areas were classified as an Opioid Treatment Desert if the estimate travel time to treatment provider (any type of MAT for OUD) was greater than a given threshold. We performed sensitivity analysis using a range of threshold values based on multiple modes of transportation (car and public transit) and using only EMS runs to home\/residential location types.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 6,929 geocoded opioid overdose events based on data from EMS agencies were used in the final analysis. Most events occurred among 26\u201335 years old (34%), identified as White adults (56%) and male (62%). Median travel times and interquartile range (IQR) to closest treatment provider by car and public transit was 2 minutes (IQR: 3 minutes) and 17 minutes (IQR: 17 minutes), respectively. Several neighborhoods in the study area had limited accessibility to OUD treatment facilities and were classified as Opioid Treatment Deserts. Travel time by public transit for most treatment provider types and by car for Methadone-based treatment was significantly different between individuals who were identified as Black adults and White adults based on their race.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Disparities in access to opioid treatment exist at the sub-county level in specific neighborhoods and across racial groups in Columbus, Ohio and can be quantified and visualized using local public safety data (e.g., EMS runs). Identification of Opioid Treatment Deserts can aid multiple stakeholders better plan and allocate resources for more equitable access to MAT for OUD and, therefore, reduce the burden of the opioid epidemic while making better use of real-time public safety data to address a public health epidemic that has turned into a public safety crisis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T17:30:14Z","timestamp":1620840614000},"page":"e0250324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Opioid Treatment Deserts: Concept development and application in a US Midwestern urban county"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4865-6482","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayaz","family":"Hyder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1859-3441","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinhyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Dundon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3561-8332","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lauren T.","family":"Southerland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"All","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gretchen","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5480-3421","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harvey J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0250324.ref001","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opioid Overdose\u2014Drug Overdose Deaths: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref002","author":"Ohio Department of Health","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mortality Ohio Public Health Data Warehouse: Ohio Department of Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0250324.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2015.1132294","article-title":"Barriers to implementation of opioid overdose prevention programs in Ohio","volume":"37","author":"EL Winstanley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"issue":"2S","key":"pone.0250324.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2017.01.001","article-title":"Strategies and policies to address the opioid epidemic: A case study of Ohio","volume":"57","author":"J Penm","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Pharm Assoc (2003)."},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"State and local policy levers for increasing treatment and recovery capacity to address the opioid epidemic: Final report","author":"J Hinde","year":"2018","journal-title":"US Department of Human & Health Services"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0250324.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2018.1546862","article-title":"Development of a Cascade of Care for responding to the opioid epidemic","volume":"45","author":"AR Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0250324.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.020","article-title":"One-Year Mortality of Patients After Emergency Department Treatment for Nonfatal Opioid Overdose","volume":"75","author":"SG Weiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0250324.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301926","article-title":"A framework for describing health care delivery organizations and systems","volume":"105","author":"IL Pina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-18","article-title":"Patient-centred access to health care: conceptualising access at the interface of health systems and populations","volume":"12","author":"JF Levesque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0250324.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198102000-00001","article-title":"The concept of access: definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction","volume":"19","author":"R Penchansky","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0250324.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-016-0085-y","article-title":"Systemic and individual factors in the buprenorphine treatment-seeking process: a qualitative study","volume":"12","author":"VM Hewell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948789","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/948789","article-title":"Distance traveled and cross-state commuting to opioid treatment programs in the United States","volume":"2011","author":"A Rosenblum","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.03.020","article-title":"Patient-centered care factors and access to care: a path analysis using the Andersen behavior model","volume":"171","author":"YR Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public health."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0250324.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-3-3","article-title":"Spatial accessibility of primary care: concepts, methods and challenges","volume":"3","author":"MF Guagliardo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref015","volume-title":"Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Save Lives","author":"National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.01.019","article-title":"Using nominal group technique to identify barriers, facilitators, and preferences among patients seeking treatment for opioid use disorder: A needs assessment for decision making support","volume":"100","author":"D Muthulingam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref017","article-title":"Hospital-Based Addiction Medicine Healthcare Providers: High Demand, Short Supply","author":"V Braithwaite","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Addict Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0250324.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302664","article-title":"National and State Treatment Need and Capacity for Opioid Agonist Medication-Assisted Treatment","volume":"105","author":"CM Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.06.019","article-title":"\"They\u2019re making it so hard for people to get help:\" Motivations for non-prescribed buprenorphine use in a time of treatment expansion","volume":"71","author":"K McLean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"6126","key":"pone.0250324.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232257","article-title":"Medicine. Spatial turn in health research","volume":"339","author":"DB Richardson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6408","key":"pone.0250324.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau1184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau1184","article-title":"Changing dynamics of the drug overdose epidemic in the United States from 1979 through 2016","volume":"361","author":"H Jalal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0250324.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000001168","article-title":"Structural Racism and the Opioid Overdose Epidemic: The Need for Antiracist Public Health Practice","volume":"26","author":"HV Kunins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Public Health Manag Pract."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0250324.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-014-3102-8","article-title":"Accuracy of race, ethnicity, and language preference in an electronic health record","volume":"30","author":"EV Klinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0250324.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2020.0015","article-title":"Are clinicians contributing to excess African American COVID-19 deaths? Unbeknownst to them, they may be","volume":"4","author":"AJ Milam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0250324.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05645-0","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic Differences in the Medical Treatment of Opioid Use Disorders Within the VA Healthcare System Following Non-Fatal Opioid Overdose","volume":"35","author":"UR Essien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of general internal medicine"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0250324.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.21.2458","article-title":"George DMMS. Distrust, race, and research","volume":"162","author":"G Corbie-Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of internal medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0250324.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2016.77.17","article-title":"Not in My Back Yard: A Comparative Analysis of Crime Around Publicly Funded Drug Treatment Centers, Liquor Stores, Convenience Stores, and Corner Stores in One Mid-Atlantic City","volume":"77","author":"CDM Furr-Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0250324.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05075","article-title":"News Media Reporting On Medication Treatment For Opioid Use Disorder Amid The Opioid Epidemic","volume":"38","author":"A Kennedy-Hendricks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108059","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in opioid-involved overdose deaths across metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas in the United States, 1999\u20132017","volume":"212","author":"K Lippold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0250324.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e196373","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.6373","article-title":"Characteristics of US Counties With High Opioid Overdose Mortality and Low Capacity to Deliver Medications for Opioid Use Disorder","volume":"2","author":"RL Haffajee","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0250324.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305368","article-title":"The Geographic Distribution of Fentanyl-Involved Overdose Deaths in Cook County, Illinois","volume":"110","author":"ED Nesoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107950","article-title":"The spatio-temporal distribution of naloxone administration events in rural Ohio 2010\u201316","volume":"209","author":"H Thurston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0250324.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2011.10.001","article-title":"GIS based destination accessibility via public transit and walking in Auckland, New Zealand","volume":"20","author":"S Mavoa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Geography"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref034","author":"U Census","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quick Facts: Franklin County, Ohio"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref035","author":"SAMSHA","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAMHSA Behavioral Health Treatment Services Locator tool"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref036","unstructured":"RELINK.ORG. Relink.org 2019 [Available from: https:\/\/relink.org\/."},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref037","unstructured":"Administration SAMHS. Behavioral health services information series: national directory of drug and alcohol abuse treatment facilities 2017. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality; 2017. Report No.: HHS Publication No. (SMA) 17\u20134981."},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref038","unstructured":"Administration SAMHS. Behavioral health services information series: national directory of drug and alcohol abuse treatment facilities 2016. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality; 2016. Report No.: HHS Publication No. (SMA) 16\u20134981."},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref039","unstructured":"Administration SAMHS. Behavioral health services information series: national directory of drug and alcohol abuse treatment facilities 2015. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality; 2015. Report No.: HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15\u20134981."},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref040","unstructured":"Administration SAMHS. Behavioral health services information series: national directory of drug and alcohol abuse treatment facilities 2014. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality; 2014. Report No.: HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14\u20134891."},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref041","unstructured":"Administration SAMHS. Behavioral health services information series: national directory of drug and alcohol abuse treatment facilities 2013. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality; 2013. Report No.: HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13\u20134891."},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.03.013","article-title":"Determining spatial access to opioid use disorder treatment and emergency medical services in New Hampshire","volume":"101","author":"Y Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.07.001","article-title":"Identifying high-risk areas for nonfatal opioid overdose: a spatial case-control study using EMS run data","volume":"36","author":"J Pesarsick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref044","unstructured":"ESRI. ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10. Redlands, CA2014."},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref045","unstructured":"Google. GTFS static overview 2021 [Available from: https:\/\/developers.google.com\/transit\/gtfs."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0250324.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8292(02)00067-9","article-title":"Using a GIS-based floating catchment method to assess areas with shortage of physicians","volume":"10","author":"W Luo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health & place"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0250324.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2008.80","article-title":"OpenStreetMap: User-Generated Street Maps","volume":"7","author":"M Haklay","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Computing"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0250324.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00188-0","article-title":"Distance traveled to outpatient drug treatment and client retention","volume":"25","author":"K Beardsley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0250324.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.04.009","article-title":"Access to Medication Abortion Among California\u2019s Public University Students","volume":"63","author":"UD Upadhyay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0250324.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2015.09.001","article-title":"Travel by public transit to mammography facilities in 6 US urban areas","volume":"2","author":"S Graham","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Transp Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0250324.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/12265934.2018.1482778","article-title":"An evaluation of kernel smoothing to protect the confidentiality of individual locations","volume":"23","author":"M Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Urban Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref052","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"Team RC","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-8-34","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic minority and low-income hotspots and their geographic proximity to integrated care providers","volume":"8","author":"EG Guerrero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0250324.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2012.04.004","article-title":"Travel distance to outpatient substance use disorder treatment facilities for Spanish-speaking clients","volume":"24","author":"EG Guerrero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.07.001","article-title":"Identifying high-risk areas for nonfatal opioid overdose: a spatial case-control study using EMS run data","volume":"36","author":"J Pesarsick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol."},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108176","article-title":"Signal of increased opioid overdose during COVID-19 from emergency medical services data","volume":"214","author":"S Slavova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref057","article-title":"National Survey on Drug Use and Health","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAMSHA"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref058","first-page":"108165","article-title":"Commentary on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on opioid use disorder treatment among Indigenous communities in the United States and Canada","volume":"2020","author":"DC Wendt","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref059","author":"S Bhat","journal-title":"Overdose Deaths Hit New Highs As Pandemic Worsens Opioid Crisis 2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0250324.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-020-00486-y","article-title":"Opioid Overdose-Related Emergency Department Visits and Accidental Deaths during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"97","author":"LN Rodda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of urban health: bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0250324.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2019.1694536","article-title":"A systematic review of rural-specific barriers to medication treatment for opioid use disorder in the United States","volume":"46","author":"JJ Lister","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.028","article-title":"Buprenorphine and methadone treatment for opioid dependence by income, ethnicity and race of neighborhoods in New York City","volume":"164","author":"H Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0250324.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-013-9341-3","article-title":"Variation in use of buprenorphine and methadone treatment by racial, ethnic, and income characteristics of residential social areas in New York City","volume":"40","author":"HB Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Behav Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"pone.0250324.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.07.013","article-title":"Cost analysis of clinic and office-based treatment of opioid dependence: results with methadone and buprenorphine in clinically stable patients","volume":"99","author":"ES Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0250324.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03960.x","article-title":"Commentary on Boyd et al. (2012): debunking myths about methadone and crime","volume":"107","author":"A Nunn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f174","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f174","article-title":"Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts: interrupted time series analysis","volume":"346","author":"AY Walley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"6408","key":"pone.0250324.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau1184","article-title":"Changing dynamics of the drug overdose epidemic in the United States from 1979 through 2016","volume":"361","author":"H Jalal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0250324.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2018.1564109","article-title":"The role of social work in the opioid epidemic: office-based opioid treatment programs","volume":"58","author":"BM Lombardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Work Health Care"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105813","article-title":"A scoping review of post opioid-overdose interventions","volume":"128","author":"SM Bagley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"pone.0250324.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105818","article-title":"Innovations in efforts to expand treatment for opioid use disorder","volume":"128","author":"SC Sigmon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0250324","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T17:31:23Z","timestamp":1620840683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0250324"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Brooke","family":"West","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0250324","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]}}}