{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:52:12Z","timestamp":1791402732625,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data on the burden of dyslipidaemia among people with HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa are limited and little is known about the factors contributing for poor lipid profiles. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dyslipidaemia and factors associated with lipid levels among HIV-infected patients receiving first-line combination ART in North Shewa, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and December 2018 among 392 HIV-infected adults receiving first-line ART for at least six months at the ART clinic of Mehal Meda Hospital in North Shewa, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected for determination of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and CD4 counts. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with lipid abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 59.9% (95% CI 55.0\u201364.7%). High TC, high TG, low HDL-c, and high LDL-c were obtained in 47.3%, 30.9%, 19.4% and 29.6%, respectively. Fifty-four participants (13.8%) had high ratio of TC\/HDL-c (TC\/HDL-c ratio \u2265 5). Older age was independently associated with high TC (AOR = 2.51, 95% CI 1.64\u20133.84), high TG (AOR = 2.95, 95% CI 1.85\u20134.71), low HDL\u2013c (AOR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.17\u20133.50), and high LDL\u2013c (AOR = 3.37, 95% CI 2.08\u20135.47). Living in an urban area (AOR = 2.61, 95% CI 1.16\u20136.14) and smoking (AOR = 3.61, 95% CI 1.06\u201312.34) were associated with low HDL\u2013c. Participants with longer duration of ART use were more likely to have high TG (AOR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.13\u20133.07), low HDL\u2013c (AOR = 3.47, 95% CI: 1.75\u20136.80), and high LDL\u2013c (AOR = 2.20, 95% CI 1.30\u20133.71). High BMI was independently associated with higher TC (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.19\u20134.97), high TG (AOR = 4.17, 95% CI 2.01\u20138.67) and high LDL\u2013c (AOR = 6.53, 95% CI 3.05\u201313.98).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We found a high prevalence of dyslipidaemia among HIV-infected patients receiving first-line ART in North Shewa, Ethiopia. There is a need for monitoring of blood lipid levels in patients with HIV on long term first-line ART with a special attention to be focused on older age, urban residents, longer duration of ART use, high BMI and smokers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T17:35:57Z","timestamp":1619544957000},"page":"e0250328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Prevalence of dyslipidaemia among HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy in North Shewa, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Temesgen","family":"Fiseha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Worku","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henok","family":"Dereje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5895-1111","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zemenu","family":"Tamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angesom","family":"Gebreweld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0250328.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002374","article-title":"Decreased HIV-associated mortality rates during scale-up of antiretroviral therapy, 2011\u20132016: a population-based cohort study","volume":"33","author":"G Otieno","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-010-0152-1","article-title":"Approach to dyslipidemia, lipodystrophy, and cardiovascular risk in patients with HIV infection","volume":"13","author":"J Troll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv494","article-title":"Clinical management of dyslipidaemia associated with combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients","volume":"71","author":"L Calza","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0250328.ref004","first-page":"49","article-title":"Dyslipidemia Related to Antiretroviral Therapy.","volume":"13","author":"V Estrada","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0250328.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ramb.2012.11.003","article-title":"Lipid profile of HIV-infected patients in relation to antiretroviral therapy: a review","volume":"9","author":"SJ Souza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0250328.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v4.i2.56","article-title":"Impact of antiretroviral therapy on lipid metabolism of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: Old and new drugs","volume":"4","author":"J da Cunha","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2007.00470.x","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in serum lipids among HIV-infected men on highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"8","author":"S Riddler","year":"2007","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref008","first-page":"586","article-title":"Impact of Dyslipidemia Associated With Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on Cardiovascular Risk and Life Expectancy","volume":"95","author":"SA Grover","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0250328.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0210629","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210629","article-title":"Effect of cardio-metabolic risk factors on all-cause mortality among HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in Malawi: A prospective cohort study","volume":"14","author":"A Amberbir","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2005.00269.x","article-title":"Patient characteristics and costs associated with dyslipidaemia and related conditions in HIV-infected patients: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"A Richter","year":"2005","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e998","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30275-4","article-title":"Prevalence of dyslipidaemia among adults in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"JJ Noubiap","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0250328.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0201404","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201404","article-title":"The association between antiretroviral therapy and selected cardiovascular disease risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"CA Dimala","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"WT Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0250328.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2486","article-title":"Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III)","volume":"285","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-9-31","article-title":"Prevalence of dyslipidemia among HIV-infected patients using first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy in Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional comparative group study","volume":"9","author":"A Tadewos","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-236","article-title":"The lipid profile of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a rural Cameroonian population","volume":"14","author":"CE Bekolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4236\/ojim.2019.94019","article-title":"Dyslipidemia in People Living with HIV on Anti-Retroviral Treatment: Case of the Ambulatory Treatment Center (ATC) of the Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital of Lome","volume":"9","author":"AR Moukaila","journal-title":"Open J Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0250328.ref018","first-page":"164","article-title":"Lipid Profile in HIV-Infected Patients Using First-Line Antiretroviral Drugs.","volume":"15","author":"W Ombeni","year":"2016","journal-title":"JIAPAC"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0250328.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2011007500129","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy-associated dyslipidemia in patients from a reference center in Brazil","volume":"44","author":"M Ceccato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-380","article-title":"Antiretroviral treatment associated hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia among HIV infected patients at Burayu Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional comparative study.","volume":"7","author":"M Abebe","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0250328.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0197728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197728","article-title":"Dyslipidemia among rural and urban HIV patients in south-east Malawi","volume":"13","author":"A Amberbir","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12103","article-title":"The effects of age on associations between markers of HIV progression and markers of metabolic function including albumin, haemoglobin and lipid concentrations","volume":"15","author":"M Samuel","year":"2014","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref023","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative Assessment of the Magnitude of Hyperlipidemia in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Lopinavir\/r- and Atazanavir\/r-Based Antiretroviral Drugs","volume":"18","author":"E Muya","year":"2019","journal-title":"JIAPAC"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0250328.ref024","first-page":"356","article-title":"Levels of physical activity and metabolic alterations in people living with HIV \/AIDS","volume":"18","author":"JLH Romancini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med Esporte"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020688","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020688","article-title":"Physical activity among HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Hanoi and Nam Dinh, Vietnam: a crosssectional study","volume":"8","author":"AK Dang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.07.052","article-title":"Impact of antiretroviral therapy on serum lipoprotein levels and dyslipidemias: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"199","author":"C Nduka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12495","article-title":"Changes in elevated cholesterol in the era of tenofovir in South Africa: risk factors, clinical management and outcomes","volume":"18","author":"L Jamieson","year":"2017","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"pone.0250328.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1086\/381783","article-title":"Lipid Profiles in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: Are Different Antiretroviral Drugs Associated with Different Lipid Profiles?","volume":"189","author":"E Fontas","year":"2004","journal-title":"JID"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0250328","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T17:36:24Z","timestamp":1619544984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0250328"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Magni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0250328","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]}}}