{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:14:55Z","timestamp":1777392895316,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) often report difficulties in motor coordination and visuo-spatial attention. However, the consequences of mTBI on fine motor and visuo-motor coordination are still not well understood. We aimed to evaluate whether mTBI had a concomitant effect on fine motor ability and visuo-motor integration and whether this is related to visual perception and visuo-spatial attention impairments, including patients at different symptoms stage. Eleven mTBI patients (mean age 22.8 years) and ten healthy controls participated in the study. Visuo-motor integration of fine motor abilities and form recognition were measured with the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration test, motion perception was evaluated with motion coherence test, critical flicker fusion was measured with Pocket CFF tester. Visuo-spatial was assessed with the Ruff 2 &amp; 7 Selection Attention Test. mTBI patients showed reduced visuo-motor integration, form recognition, and motor deficits as well as visuo-spatial attention impairment, while motion perception and critical flicker fusion were not impaired. These preliminary findings suggest that the temporary brain insults deriving from mTBI compromise fine motor skills, visuomotor integration, form recognition, and visuo-spatial attention. The impairment in visuo-motor coordination was associated with speed in visuo-attention and correlated with symptoms severity while motor ability was correlated with time since concussion. Given the strong correlation between visuomotor coordination and symptom severity, further investigation with a larger sample seems warranted. Since there appeared to be differences in motor skills with respect to symptom stage, further research is needed to investigate symptom profiles associated with visuomotor coordination and fine motor deficits in mTBI patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T18:16:32Z","timestamp":1619547392000},"page":"e0250598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Visuo-motor integration, vision perception and attention in mTBI patients. Preliminary findings"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"Benassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Frattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6023-2802","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara","family":"Garofalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bolzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7642-8263","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tony","family":"Pansell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0250598.ref001","article-title":"Epidemiology of mild traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease","author":"RC Gardner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref002","article-title":"Definition of mild traumatic brain injury","author":"T Kay","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2418","article-title":"A Multiscale Computational Approach to Estimating Axonal Damage under Inertial Loading of the Head","volume":"30","author":"RM Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref004","article-title":"Network dysfunction after traumatic brain injury","author":"DJ Sharp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref005","article-title":"Elevated coherent motion thresholds in mild traumatic brain injury","author":"R Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref006","article-title":"First- and second-order contrast sensitivity functions reveal disrupted visual processing following mild traumatic brain injury","author":"DP Spiegel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref007","article-title":"Filling in the gaps: Anticipatory control of eye movements in chronic mild traumatic brain injury","author":"M Diwakar","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref008","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury induces prolonged visual processing deficits in children","author":"O Brosseau-Lachaine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3832","article-title":"First- and Second-Order Stimuli Reaction Time Measures Are Highly Sensitive to Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries","volume":"33","author":"J-C Piponnier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref010","article-title":"Foveal versus eccentric retinal critical flicker frequency in mild traumatic brain injury","author":"LE Schrupp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref011","first-page":"18","article-title":"Vision therapy for oculomotor dysfunctions in acquired brain injury: A retrospective analysis","volume":"79","author":"KJ Ciuffreda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Optom\u2014J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-002-0027-z","article-title":"Vision disturbances following traumatic brain injury","volume":"4","author":"N Kapoor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050701591437","article-title":"Critical flicker frequency and related symptoms in mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"TT-L Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000219197.33182.3F","article-title":"Alteration of Postural Responses to Visual Field Motion in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"59","author":"S Slobounov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1162\/089892904323057263","article-title":"Direct current stimulation over V5 enhances visuomotor coordination by improving motion perception in humans","author":"A Antal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh066","article-title":"Eye movement and visuomotor arm movement deficits following mild closed head injury","volume":"127","author":"MH Heitger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050600676354","article-title":"Motor deficits and recovery during the first year following mild closed head injury","volume":"20","author":"MH Heitger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00009-X","article-title":"A lesion of the posterior parietal cortex disrupts on-line adjustments during aiming movements","volume":"40","author":"H Gr\u00e9a","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/9219","article-title":"Role of the posterior parietal cortex in updating reaching movements to a visual target","volume":"2","author":"M Desmurget","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref020","article-title":"Comparison of subjective cognitive complaints with neuropsychological tests in individuals with mild vs more severe traumatic brain injuries","author":"CW Jamora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref021","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development","author":"KA Beery","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023370","article-title":"Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration performance in children with traumatic brain injury and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"23","author":"GP Sutton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4784-10.2011","article-title":"Cortical Connections of Area V6Av in the Macaque: A Visual-Input Node to the Eye\/Hand Coordination System","volume":"31","author":"L Passarelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0250598.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.17.3.350","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for postconcussional syndrome after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury","volume":"17","author":"C Boake","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0250598.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710000196","article-title":"Rates of symptom reporting following traumatic brain injury","volume":"16","author":"S Dikmen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref026","article-title":"Ruff 2 and 7 Selective Attention Test: Normative data, discriminant validity and test-retest reliability in Greek adults","author":"L Messinis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref027","article-title":"Evaluation of Critical Flicker-Fusion Frequency Measurement Methods for the Investigation of Visual Temporal Resolution","author":"A Eisen-Enosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0250598.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e494","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12945","article-title":"Motion Perception and Form Discrimination in Extremely Preterm School\u2010Aged Children","volume":"89","author":"M Benassi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child development"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/19411240903146228","article-title":"Relationship Between Visual-Motor Integration, Eye-Hand Coordination, and Quality of Handwriting","volume":"2","author":"M-L Kaiser","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Occup Ther Sch Early Interv"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01537-0","article-title":"Forward modeling allows feedback control for fast reaching movements","volume":"4","author":"M Desmurget","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"6064","key":"pone.0250598.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/320748a0","article-title":"Large adjustments in visually guided reaching do not depend on vision of the hand or perception of target displacement","volume":"320","author":"MA Goodale","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0250598.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2017.03.006","article-title":"Gender differences in nonlinear motor performance following concussion","volume":"8","author":"BE Studenka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of sport and health science"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2017.11.001","article-title":"Cortical activity in fine-motor tasks in children with developmental coordination disorder: a preliminary fNIRS study","volume":"65","author":"P Ca\u00e7ola","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.12.038","article-title":"Reduced contribution of executive functions in impaired working memory performance in mild traumatic brain injury patients","volume":"115","author":"S Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2523081584","article-title":"Diffusion-Tensor Imaging Implicates Prefrontal Axonal Injury in Executive Function Impairment Following Very Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"252","author":"ML Lipton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref036","first-page":"1545968320943578","article-title":"Repeated concussions impair behavioral and neurophysiological changes in the motor learning system","author":"G Cantarero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation and neural repair"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref037","article-title":"Perceptual learning of motion leads to faster flicker perception","author":"AR Seitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.020","article-title":"Eccentricity effects in vision and attention","volume":"92","author":"CF Staugaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2014.09.004","article-title":"Representation of central and peripheral vision in the primate cerebral cortex: Insights from studies of the marmoset brain","volume":"93","author":"H-H Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"pone.0250598.ref040","article-title":"Inferior parietal lobule encodes visual temporal resolution processes contributing to the critical flicker frequency threshold in humans","author":"A Nardella","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0250598","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T18:16:53Z","timestamp":1619547413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0250598"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Robin","family":"Baur\u00e8s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0250598","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]}}}