{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T17:08:34Z","timestamp":1773335314724,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International University of Health and Welfare"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent symptoms are reported in patients who survive the initial stage of COVID-19, often referred to as \u201clong COVID\u201d or \u201cpost-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection\u201d (PASC); however, evidence on their incidence is still lacking, and symptoms relevant to pain are yet to be assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search was performed using the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and CHINAL and preprint servers MedR\u03c7iv and BioR\u03c7iv through January 15, 2021. The primary outcome was pain-related symptoms such as headache or myalgia. Secondary outcomes were symptoms relevant to pain (depression or muscle weakness) and symptoms frequently reported (anosmia and dyspnea). Incidence rates of symptoms were pooled using inverse variance methods with a DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. The source of heterogeneity was explored using meta-regression, with follow-up period, age and sex as covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 38 studies including 19,460 patients were eligible. Eight pain-related symptoms and 26 other symptoms were identified. The highest pooled incidence among pain-related symptoms was chest pain (17%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 11%-24%), followed by headache (16%, 95% CI, 9%-27%), arthralgia (13%, 95% CI, 7%-24%), neuralgia (12%, 95% CI, 3%-38%) and abdominal pain (11%, 95% CI, 7%-16%). The highest pooled incidence among other symptoms was fatigue (44%, 95% CI, 32%-57%), followed by insomnia (27%, 95% CI, 10%-55%), dyspnea (26%, 95% CI, 17%-38%), weakness (25%, 95% CI, 8%-56%) and anosmia (19%, 95% CI, 13%-27%). Substantial heterogeneity was identified (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 50\u2013100%). Meta-regression analyses partially accounted for the source of heterogeneity, and yet, 53% of the symptoms remained unexplained.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current meta-analysis may provide a complete picture of incidence in PASC. It remains unclear, however, whether post-COVID symptoms progress or regress over time or to what extent PASC are associated with age or sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T13:37:19Z","timestamp":1701265039000},"page":"e0250909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Incidence of long-term post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection related to pain and other symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1466-6228","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Hoshijima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Mihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5311-5088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Seki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1095-8066","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Hyuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1508-7228","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Norifumi","family":"Kuratani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-7181","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Toshiya","family":"Shiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10266","key":"pone.0250909.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32662-3","article-title":"Facing up to long COVID.","volume":"396","author":"The Lancet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0250909.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30701-5","article-title":"Long-term consequences of COVID-19: research needs","volume":"20","author":"D Yelin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0250909.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2815","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2815","article-title":"Covid-19: What do we know about \"long covid\"?","volume":"370","author":"E. 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