{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:40:18Z","timestamp":1790023218905,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DBT\/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellowship","award":["IA\/CPHE\/17\/1\/503340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/CPHE\/17\/1\/503340"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011541","name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20CA210298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20CA210298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P20CA210298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20CA210298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental Health at the Public Health Foundation of India"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Certain oral bacterial pathogens may play a role in oral carcinogenesis. We assessed the feasibility of conducting a population-based study in India to examine the distributions and levels of <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Prevotella intermedia<\/jats:italic> in relation to oral leukoplakia (a potentially malignant disorder) and other participant characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This exploratory case-control study was nested within a large urban Indian cohort and the data included 22 men and women with oral leukoplakia (cases) and 69 leukoplakia-free controls. Each participant provided a salivary rinse sample, and a subset of 34 participants (9 cases; 25 controls) also provided a gingival swab sample from keratinized gingival surface for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Neither the distribution nor the levels of pathogens were associated with oral leukoplakia; however, individual pathogen levels were more strongly correlated with each other in cases compared to controls. Among controls, the median level of total pathogens was the highest (7.55\u00d710<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> copies\/ng DNA) among persons of low socioeconomic status. Salivary rinse provided better DNA concentration than gingival swab for qPCR analysis (mean concentration: 1.8 ng\/\u03bcl vs. 0.2 ng\/\u03bcl).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study confirms the feasibility of population studies evaluating oral microbiome in low-resource settings and identifies promising leads for future research.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T17:49:26Z","timestamp":1619718566000},"page":"e0251017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Feasibility of investigating the association between bacterial pathogens and oral leukoplakia in low and middle income countries: A population-based pilot study in 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