{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:00:22Z","timestamp":1790769622104,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-level dressage horses regularly perform advanced movements, requiring coordination and force transmission between front and hind limbs across the thoracolumbosacral region. This study aimed at quantifying kinematic differences in dressage horses when ridden in sitting trot\u2013i.e. with additional load applied in the thoracolumbar region\u2013compared with trotting in-hand. Inertial sensors were glued on to the midline of the thoracic (T) and lumbar (L) spine at T5, T13, T18, L3 and middle of the left and right tubera sacrale of ten elite dressage horses (Mean\u00b1SD), age 11\u00b11 years, height 1.70\u00b10.10m and body mass 600\u00b124kg; first trotted in-hand, then ridden in sitting trot on an arena surface by four Grand Prix dressage riders. Straight-line motion cycles were analysed using a general linear model (random factor: horse; fixed factor: exercise condition; covariate: stride time, Bonferroni post hoc correction: P&lt;0.05). Differential roll, pitch and yaw angles between adjacent sensors were calculated. In sitting trot, compared to trotting in-hand, there was increased pitch (mean\u00b1S.D), (in-hand, 3.9 (0.5\u00b0, sitting trot 6.3 (0.3\u00b0, P = &lt;0.0001), roll (in-hand, 7.7 (1.1\u00b0, sitting trot 11.6 (0.9\u00b0, P = 0.003) and heading values (in-hand, 4.2 (0.8), sitting trot 9.5 (0.6\u00b0, P = &lt;0.0001) in the caudal thoracic and lumbar region (T18-L3) and a decrease in heading values (in-hand, 7.1 (0.5\u00b0, sitting trot 5.2 (0.3\u00b0, P = 0.01) in the cranial thoracic region (T5-T13). Kinematics of the caudal thoracic and lumbar spine are influenced by the rider when in sitting trot, whilst lateral bending is reduced in the cranial thoracic region. This biomechanical difference with the addition of a rider, emphasises the importance of observing horses during ridden exercise, when assessing them as part of a loss of performance assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T13:56:20Z","timestamp":1620309380000},"page":"e0251144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Differential rotational movement and symmetry values of the thoracolumbosacral region in high-level dressage horses when trotting"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3942-4321","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Russell","family":"MacKechnie-Guire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thilo","family":"Pfau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0251144.ref001","article-title":"Equine Neck and Back Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"F Henson","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0251144.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05219.x","article-title":"Kinematics of the equine back: flexion-extension movements in sound trotting horses","volume":"30","author":"F Audigie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal 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