{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T13:49:57Z","timestamp":1768830597492,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health\/ Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin","award":["F2338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2338"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004346","name":"Stiftung Rheinland-Pfalz f\u00fcr Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004346","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research\/ Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["BMBF 01EO1503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 01EO1503"]}]},{"name":"\u201cWissen schafft Zukunft\u201d, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz"},{"name":"\u201cCenter for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB)\u201d, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008349","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PHILIPS Medical Systems"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Work-life conflicts (WLC) may impact health, but few studies prospectively consider the impact of WLC on objective outcomes such as cardiovascular disease. Using data from the Gutenberg Health Study (GHS), we examined if WLC at baseline was associated with an increased five-year incidence of cardiovascular events (myocardial infarct, stroke, atrial fibrillation, peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease, chronic heart failure, sudden cardiac death). We also considered if WLC was associated with incident hypertension and arterial stiffness and if the effects of WLC on cardiovascular health differ for men and women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A working subsample of the 15,010 GHS cohort participants completed the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire, which included five \"work-privacy conflict\" questions at baseline and at the five-year follow-up. Relative risks for incident hypertension due to increased WLC at baseline (WLC scores exceeding 60 out of 100) were estimated with Poisson regression in the subgroup of participants without hypertension at baseline (n = 2426). Categories of WLC at baseline and follow-up were also used to examine the risk of hypertension due to chronic\/recurrent WLC. In this subgroup, we also examined the association between WLC as a continuous score ranging from 0 to 100 with change to arterial stiffness after five years using linear regression. Hazard ratios were estimated for incident cardiovascular events in a larger subsample of participants without prevalent cardiovascular disease at baseline (n = 3698) using Cox regression. We used various multivariable regression models to adjust for sex, age, socioeconomic status, occupational, household, and cardiovascular risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found no association between WLC and incident hypertension or increased arterial stiffness. The fully-adjusted relative risk for WLC &gt;60 at baseline and hypertension was 0.93 (95% 0.74\u20131.17). The risk of hypertension due to chronic\/recurrent WLC &gt;60 was increased but not statistically significant (RR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.83\u20131.54). Overall, hazard ratios for incident cardiovascular events were also not increased. However, stratifying the results by sex resulted in a hazard ratio of 1.47 (95% CI 0.54\u20133.98) for incident cardiovascular disease among women in the fully adjusted model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although our results were not statistically significant, they indicate that WLC is negatively impacting the cardiovascular health of women. While these results need to be confirmed with additional research and a longer follow-up, interventions to prevent WLC will promote health and could be especially beneficial for women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T20:08:15Z","timestamp":1620418095000},"page":"e0251260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Work-life conflict and cardiovascular health: 5-year follow-up of the Gutenberg Health Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3388-161X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Janice","family":"Hegewald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Romero Starke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Garthus-Niegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"N\u00fcbling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Latza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Jankowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Liebers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Rossnagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7474-3219","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Merle","family":"Riechmann-Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Letzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Beutel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Gianicolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Lackner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"M\u00fcnzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Seidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0251260.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2711","article-title":"Investigating the work-family conflict and health link: Repetitive thought as a mechanism","volume":"33","author":"KD Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stress and health: journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress"},{"key":"pone.0251260.ref002","article-title":"Work\u2013family conflict, job insecurity, and health outcomes among us workers","author":"KL Minnotte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251260.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3556-1","article-title":"Explaining burnout and the intention to leave the profession among health professionals\u2014a cross-sectional study in a hospital setting in Switzerland","volume":"18","author":"O. 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