{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T07:15:33Z","timestamp":1773213333875,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Nephrolithiasis is a chronic metabolic condition affecting 10% of population worldwide. The present study aimed to investigate the possible protective role of candesartan (CAND) and sodium thiosulfate (STS) in ameliorating ethylene glycol (EG) induced nephrolithiasis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>One hundred male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Normal control group, nephrolithiasis (EG) group (1% EG in drinking water), Cystone (CYS) group (EG + 750 mg\/kg CYS, orally, once daily), STS group (EG + 0.4 gm\/kg STS, intraperitoneally, 3 times\/week) and CAND group (EG + 70 \u03bcg\/mL CAND in drinking water). Treatments and EG administration commenced on the same day and continued for 28 days. CYS was used as reference drug. Urine, blood, and renal tissues were collected at the end of the experiment for assessment of kidney function tests (serum creatinine and urea), urinary (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), calcium and oxalate), inflammatory and oxdative stress biomarkers (transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2), osteopontin (OPN) and ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione (GSH\/GSSG)) in renal tissue.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Serum (creatinine and urea), urinary (8-OHdG and oxalate) and renal (OPN and TGF-\u03b2) were significantly reduced in CAND and STS groups compared to EG group. Furthermore, renal GSH\/GSSG and urinary calcium were significantly increased in CAND and STS groups compared to EG group. Histopathological results support the biochemical findings; CAND and STS groups showed less retention of crystals and necrotic damage in kidney. Also, microscopic examination of urine revealed less crystal for CAND and STS groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Candesartan and sodium thiosulfate exhibited protective effect against nephrolithiasis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T17:50:37Z","timestamp":1620928237000},"page":"e0251408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Amelioration of lithiatic injury to renal tissue by candesartan and sodium thiosulfate in a rat model of nephrolithiasis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nahla E.","family":"El-Ashmawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoda A.","family":"El-Bahrawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2788-8332","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heba H.","family":"Ashmawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman G.","family":"Khedr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251408.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2017.58.5.299","article-title":"Epidemiology and economics of nephrolithiasis","volume":"58","author":"JB Ziemba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig Clin Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0251408.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2015.04.004","article-title":"The new epidemiology of nephrolithiasis","volume":"22","author":"J Shoag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Disease"},{"key":"pone.0251408.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.09.032","article-title":"The Effects of Melatonin on Ethylene Glycol-induced Nephrolithiasis: Role on Osteopontin mRNA Gene Expression","volume":"99","author":"TE Sener","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"pone.0251408.ref004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of nephrolithiasis on kidney function","author":"VK Sigurjonsdottir","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"pone.0251408.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.11.031","article-title":"Chenopodium album Linn. leaves prevent ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats","volume":"195","author":"I Sikarwar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0251408.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1969525","article-title":"Antiurolithiasis Activity of Bioactivity Guided Fraction of Bergenia ligulata against Ethylene Glycol Induced Renal Calculi in Rat","author":"I Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0251408.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-017-2123-4","article-title":"How to accelerate the upper urinary stone discharge after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) for < 15 mm upper urinary stones: a prospective multi-center randomized controlled trial about external physical vibration lithecbole (EPVL).","volume":"36","author":"W. 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