{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T15:45:24Z","timestamp":1750952724799,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jaseng Medical Foundation, Korea. Institutional"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), one of the most commonly reported spinal disorders, can cause loss of sensation and dyskinesia. In currently used animal models of LSS, the spinal cord is covered entirely with a silicone sheet, or block-shaped silicone is inserted directly into the spinal canal after laminectomy. However, the effects of differences between these implant materials have not been studied. We assessed the degree of damage and locomotor function of an LSS model in Sprague-Dawley rats using silicone blocks of varying hardness (70, 80, and 90 kPa) implanted at the L4 level. In sham rats, the spinal cord remained intact; in LSS rats, the spinal cord was increasingly compressed by the mechanical pressure of the silicone blocks as hardness increased. Inflammatory cells were not evident in sham rats, but numerous inflammatory cells were observed around the implanted silicone block in LSS rats. CD68+ cell quantification revealed increases in the inflammatory response in a hardness-dependent manner in LSS rats. Compared with those in sham rats, proinflammatory cytokine levels were significantly elevated in a hardness-dependent manner, and locomotor function was significantly decreased, in LSS rats. Overall, this study showed that hardness could be used as an index to control the severity of nerve injury induced by silicone implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T18:04:49Z","timestamp":1620929089000},"page":"e0251464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of the effects of differences in silicone hardness on rat model of lumbar spinal stenosis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hyunseong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin Young","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan-Jin","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junseon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5020-6723","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"In-Hyuk","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0251464.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.03.005","article-title":"Spinal stenosis prevalence and association with symptoms: the Framingham Study","volume":"9","author":"L Kalichman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251464.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2015.9.5.818","article-title":"Lumbar Stenosis: A Recent Update by Review of Literature","volume":"9","author":"SY Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0251464.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.12.006","article-title":"Quantification of walking ability in subjects with neurogenic claudication from lumbar spinal stenosis\u2014a comparative study","volume":"12","author":"J Rainville","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"pone.0251464.ref004","first-page":"325095","article-title":"The microendoscopic decompression of lumbar stenosis: a review of the current literature and clinical results","volume":"2012","author":"AP Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Minim Invasive Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251464.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24221","article-title":"Novel compression rat model for developmental spinal stenosis","volume":"37","author":"PWH Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0251464.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318145a502","article-title":"Rho kinase inhibitor improves motor dysfunction and hypoalgesia in a rat model of lumbar spinal canal stenosis.","volume":"32","author":"T Ito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251464.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-012-9419-3","article-title":"Simvastatin ameliorates cauda equina compression injury in a rat model of lumbar spinal stenosis.","volume":"8","author":"A Shunmugavel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0251464.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0394-y","article-title":"Spinal stenosis: assessment of motor function, VEGF expression and angiogenesis in an experimental model in the rat.","volume":"16","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0251464.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1723","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in dorsal root ganglia of a lumbar spinal stenosis model in rats","volume":"8","author":"Q Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"pone.0251464.ref010","first-page":"7651470","article-title":"Effects of SHINBARO2 on Rat Models of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis","volume":"2019","author":"SH Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0251464.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199905010-00003","article-title":"Behavioral and morphologic studies of the chronically compressed cauda equina. 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