{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:15:12Z","timestamp":1747196112643,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Maine Center for Undergraduate Research"},{"name":"National Park Service Second Century Stewardship Fellowship"},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch funds through the Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station","award":["ME021905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ME021905"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The blacklegged tick (<jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>) and the invasive European fire ant (<jats:italic>Myrmica rubra<\/jats:italic>) are both expanding throughout their sympatric range in coastal New England.<jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>is the primary vector of the bacterium<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>, which is the causative agent of Lyme disease, and Mount Desert Island, Maine, home to Acadia National Park, currently is affected by a high Lyme disease burden. Ticks have many natural predators, including ants, although no previous studies have investigated interactions between these two species. To test the hypothesis that the presence of<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>rubra<\/jats:italic>alters<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>scapularis<\/jats:italic>abundance, we collected ticks by drag-sampling at eight ant-infested sites and eight uninfested control sites in Acadia National Park. We found that nymph density was significantly higher at ant-infested sites, while larval density was significantly higher at control sites. In addition, we conducted a laboratory bioassay to measure<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>rubra<\/jats:italic>aggression against<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>scapularis<\/jats:italic>larvae, nymphs, and adults and<jats:italic>Dermacentor variabilis<\/jats:italic>adults, and found that ant aggression was significantly higher against<jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>variabilis<\/jats:italic>adults than<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>scapularis<\/jats:italic>adults. Our findings support the hypothesis that<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>rubra<\/jats:italic>has divergent effects across<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>scapularis<\/jats:italic>life stages, and we discuss possible ecological mechanisms, including optimal microclimate and predation, that could promote density of nymphs while inhibiting density of larvae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T18:45:05Z","timestamp":1620672305000},"page":"e0251497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interactions between sympatric invasive European fire ants (Myrmica rubra) and blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lucy D.","family":"Guarnieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara E.","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Groden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8438-0634","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Allison M.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0251497.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1890\/070064","article-title":"Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity","author":"JL Molnar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front Ecol Environ"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0251497.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2009.03.034","article-title":"Prominent role of invasive species in avian biodiversity loss","volume":"142","author":"M Clavero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"40","key":"pone.0251497.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11261","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602480113","article-title":"Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss","volume":"113","author":"TS Doherty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251497.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1890\/070151","article-title":"The spread of invasive species and infectious disease as drivers of ecosystem change","volume":"6","author":"TA Crowl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front Ecol Environ"},{"issue":"27","key":"pone.0251497.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7575","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602205113","article-title":"Global threat to agriculture from invasive species","volume":"113","author":"DR Paini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0251497.ref006","first-page":"320","article-title":"Impacts of Nonnative Invasive Species on US Forests and Recommendations for Policy and Management.","volume":"107","author":"WK Moser","year":"2009","journal-title":"J For"},{"key":"pone.0251497.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010086329619","article-title":"Positive Interactions of Nonindigenous Species: Invasional Meltdown?","volume":"1","author":"D Simberloff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Invasions"},{"key":"pone.0251497.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-005-5103-3","article-title":"Can invasive species facilitate native species? Evidence of how, when, and why these impacts occur","volume":"8","author":"LF Rodriguez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Invasions"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251497.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1603\/0013-8746(2004)097[0130:ICBTIS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Interspecific Competition Between Two Invasive Species of Container Mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), in Brazil","volume":"97","author":"MAH Braks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Entomol Soc Am"},{"key":"pone.0251497.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2009000600003","article-title":"The spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in a transition zone, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","volume":"25","author":"NA Hon\u00f3rio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0251497.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjy215","article-title":"Container size alters the outcome of interspecific competition between Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus","volume":"56","author":"AT Parker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0251497.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1603\/022.038.0404","article-title":"Managing Japanese Barberry (Ranunculales: Berberidaceae) Infestations Reduces Blacklegged Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) Abundance and Infection Prevalence With Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae).","volume":"38","author":"SC Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Entomol"},{"issue":"43","key":"pone.0251497.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18523","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008362107","article-title":"Invasive honeysuckle eradication reduces tick-borne disease risk by altering host dynamics","volume":"107","author":"BF Allana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0251497.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1265-6","article-title":"Large-Scale Removal of Invasive Honeysuckle Decreases Mosquito and Avian Host Abundance","volume":"14","author":"AM Gardner","year":"2017","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251497.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-010-1796-9","article-title":"Effects of an invasive forest pathogen on abundance of ticks and their vertebrate hosts in a California Lyme disease focus","volume":"166","author":"A Swei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0251497.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv237","article-title":"County-Scale Distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Continental United States","volume":"53","author":"RJ Eisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0251497.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.12.006","article-title":"The Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis: An Increasing Public Health Concern","volume":"34","author":"RJ Eisen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251497.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw076","article-title":"Modeling the geographic distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the contiguous United States","volume":"53","author":"MB Hahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0251497.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.2.179","article-title":"Deer Density and the Abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae).","volume":"40","author":"PW Rand","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0251497.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12165","article-title":"Climate change and habitat fragmentation drive the occurrence of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, at the northeastern limit of its distribution","volume":"7","author":"JA Simon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evol Appl"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0251497.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/98.6.1774","article-title":"Distribution of an Invasive Ant, Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Maine","volume":"98","author":"E Groden","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0251497.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12093","article-title":"Increase in Quantity and Quality of Suitable Areas for Invasive Species as Climate Changes","volume":"27","author":"C Bertelsmeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251497.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1603\/EN11046","article-title":"Homopterans and an Invasive Red Ant, Myrmica rubra (L.), in Maine.","volume":"41","author":"K McPhee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Entomol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251497.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64185","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064185","article-title":"Effects of Invasive European Fire Ants (Myrmica rubra) on Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) Reproduction.","volume":"8","author":"LE DeFisher","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251497.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1603\/EN09306","article-title":"Ant Diversity and Distribution in Acadia National Park","volume":"39","author":"GD Ouellette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Maine. Environ Entomol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0251497.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1603\/EN14079","article-title":"Mechanisms of Competitive Displacement of Native Ant Fauna by Invading Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Populations.","volume":"43","author":"J Garnas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251497.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.1.1","article-title":"Arthropods as Predators of Ticks (Ixodoidea).","volume":"38","author":"M Samish","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0251497.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/14.2.247","article-title":"Effect of Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Invasion on Lone Star Tick (Acarina: Ixodidae) Populations.","volume":"14","author":"EC Burns","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251497.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2712-0","article-title":"The negative effect of wood ant presence on tick abundance","volume":"11","author":"S Zingg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0251497.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012383607521","article-title":"Interaction of Myrmica rubra ants with springtails (Collembola) as a mass prey","volume":"380","author":"Z Reznikova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dokl Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0251497.ref031","unstructured":"Garnas J European fire ants on Mount Desert Island, Maine: Population structure, mechanisms of competition and community impacts of Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) [thesis]. University of Maine; 2004."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0251497.ref032","first-page":"737","article-title":"Rubbish Dumps Reveal the Diet of Ant Colonies: Myrmica schencki Em. And Myrmica Rubra (L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as Facultative Pollen Eaters.","volume":"56","author":"W Czechowski","journal-title":"Pol J Ecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0251497.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01914","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1914","article-title":"Interactions between soil-dwelling arthropod predators and Ixodes scapularis under laboratory and field conditions","volume":"8","author":"JC Burtis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0251497.ref034","first-page":"742","article-title":"Prevalence and Diversity of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Eastern National Parks","volume":"54","author":"TL Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"volume-title":"Patterns and Mechanisms of Tick-borne Disease Exposure Risk in Acadia National Park","year":"2020","author":"SE McBride","key":"pone.0251497.ref035"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0251497.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01219108","article-title":"A comparison of methods for sampling the deer tick, Ixodes dammini, in a Lyme disease endemic area","volume":"14","author":"RC Falco","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"pone.0251497.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/26.5.435","article-title":"Pictorial key to the adults of hard ticks, family Ixodidae (Ixodida: Ixodoidea), East of the Mississippi River.","volume":"26","author":"JE Kierans","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"year":"2020","author":"R Core Team 2020","key":"pone.0251497.ref038"},{"key":"pone.0251497.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251497.ref040","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Douglas Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"article-title":"sjstats: Statistical Functions for Regression Models (Version 0.18.1)","year":"2021","author":"D L\u00fcdecke","key":"pone.0251497.ref041"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251497.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1603\/0046-225X(2007)36[105:IAWAAL]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Intercolony aggression within and among local populations of the invasive ant, Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in coastal Maine","volume":"36","author":"JR Garnas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0251497.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02224745","article-title":"Agonistic behaviour of Myrmica rubra L","volume":"25","author":"C De Vroey","year":"1978","journal-title":"Insectes Soc"},{"key":"pone.0251497.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2","volume-title":"Modern Applied Statistics with S.","author":"WN Venables","year":"2002","edition":"4"},{"key":"pone.0251497.ref045","unstructured":"Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Soil Survey. Available from: http:\/\/websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov\/. Accessed [01\/27\/2020]."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251497.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.5.867","article-title":"Exotic grass invasion reduces survival of Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis ticks (Acari: Ixodidae).","volume":"45","author":"DJ Civitello","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0251497.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-011-9872-1","article-title":"Beetle (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) facilitation of larval mosquito growth in tree hole habitats is linked to multitrophic microbial interactions.","volume":"62","author":"K Pelz-Stelinski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"issue":"1891","key":"pone.0251497.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20181962","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.1962","article-title":"Discovery and exploration of a natural ecological trap for a mosquito disease vector","volume":"285","author":"AM Gardner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"key":"pone.0251497.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008891901953","article-title":"Ant biodiversity and its relationship to ecosystem functioning: A review","volume":"7","author":"PJ Folgarait","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biodivers Conserv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251497.ref050","first-page":"67","article-title":"Biological and chemical properties of fen soils affected by anthills of Myrmica spp","volume":"51","author":"J. P\u0119tal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pol J Ecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0251497.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/78.2.172","article-title":"Correlation between Abundance of Deer and That of the Deer Tick, Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae).","volume":"78","author":"ML Wilson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Entomol Soc Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0251497.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz116","article-title":"Ticks as soil-dwelling arthropods: an intersection between disease and soil ecology","volume":"56","author":"JC Burtis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0251497.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.24349\/acarologia\/20174200","article-title":"Ants as predators of the spinose ear tick, Otobius megnini (Dug\u00e8s) in Sri Lanka.","volume":"57","author":"GC Diyes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acarologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0251497.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/ae\/44.2.103","article-title":"Solid-to-liquid feeding: the inside(s) story of extra-oral digestion in predaceous Arthropoda","volume":"44","author":"AC Cohen","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Entomologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251497.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(93)90031-L","article-title":"An ant-diversionary secretion of ticks: First demonstration of an acarine allomone","volume":"39","author":"JA Yoder","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251497.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/01647950308684326","article-title":"Identification of hydrocarbons that protect ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) against fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), but not lizards (Squamata: Polychrotidae), in an allomonal defense secretion","volume":"29","author":"JA Yoder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Acarol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251497.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvz097","article-title":"Metastriate Ixodid Life Stages Protected from Predatory Ants in Texas","volume":"48","author":"AT Showler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0251497.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2000.99014.x","article-title":"Biodiversity and disease risk: the case of Lyme disease","volume":"14","author":"RS Ostfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0251497.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160463","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2016.0463","article-title":"Decreased small mammal and on-host tick abundance in association with invasive red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta).","volume":"12","author":"AA Castellanos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251497.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1997)078[0308:PUUPHE]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Patch use under predation hazard: effect of the red imported fire ant on deer mouse foraging behavior","volume":"78","author":"WN Holtcamp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251497.ref061","first-page":"97","article-title":"Influence of Relative Abundance of Red Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis Invicta) on Small Mammal Captures","volume":"43","author":"DK Ferris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Southwest Nat"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0251497.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1139\/z00-172","article-title":"Biodiversity series: The function of biodiversity in the ecology of vector-borne zoonotic diseases","volume":"78","author":"RS Ostfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Zool"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251497","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T22:53:48Z","timestamp":1672095228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251497"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sam R.","family":"Telford III","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251497","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]}}}