{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T13:36:55Z","timestamp":1792417015657,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is no concrete evidence on the burden of TB among the tribal populations across India except for few studies mainly conducted in Central India with a pooled estimation of 703\/100,000 with a high degree of heterogeneity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate the prevalence of TB among the tribal populations in India.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Design, participants, setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>A survey using a multistage cluster sampling design was conducted between April 2015 and March 2020 covering 88 villages (clusters) from districts with over 70% tribal majority populations in 17 States across 6 zones of India. The sample populations included individuals \u226515 years old.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Main outcome and measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eligible participants who were screened through an interview for symptoms suggestive of pulmonary TB (PTB); Two sputum specimens were examined by smear and culture. Prevalence was estimated after multiple imputations for non-coverage and a correction factor of 1.31 was then applied to account for non-inclusion of X-ray screening.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec005\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 74532 (81.0%) of the 92038 eligible individuals were screened; 2675 (3.6%) were found to have TB symptoms or h\/o ATT. The overall prevalence of PTB was 432 per 100,000 populations. The PTB prevalence per 100,000 populations was highest 625 [95% CI: 496\u2013754] in the central zone and least 153 [95% CI: 24\u2013281] in the west zone. Among the 17 states that were covered in this study, Odisha recorded the highest prevalence of 803 [95% CI: 504\u20131101] and Jammu and Kashmir the lowest 127 [95% CI: 0\u2013310] per 100,000 populations. Findings from multiple logistic regression analysis reflected that those aged 35 years and above, with BMI &lt;18.5 Kgs \/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, h\/o ATT, smoking, and\/or consuming alcohol had a higher risk of bacteriologically positive PTB. Weight loss was relatively more important symptom associated with tuberculosis among this tribal populations followed by night sweats, blood in sputum, and fever.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec006\"><jats:title>Conclusion and relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall prevalence of PTB among tribal groups is higher than the general populations with a wide variation of prevalence of PTB among the tribal groups at zone and state levels. These findings call for strengthening of the TB control efforts in tribal areas to reduce TB prevalence through tribal community\/site-specific intervention programs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T17:30:02Z","timestamp":1622827802000},"page":"e0251519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among the tribal populations in India"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1973-2212","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Beena E.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kannan","family":"Thiruvengadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrasekaran","family":"Vedhachalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srividya","family":"A","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. 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