{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:24:36Z","timestamp":1790198676518,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANID\/Millennium Science Initiative","award":["Millennium Nucleus in Social Development (DESOC), NCS17_015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Millennium Nucleus in Social Development (DESOC), NCS17_015"]}]},{"name":"ANID\/Millennium Science Initiative","award":["Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), NCS17_035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), NCS17_035"]}]},{"name":"ANID\/Millennium Science Initiative","award":["Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), ICS13_005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), ICS13_005"]}]},{"name":"ANID - CONICYT","award":["Fondecyt Postdoctoral 3200944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fondecyt Postdoctoral 3200944"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Previous research has shown that the COVID-19 outbreak, social distancing, and lockdown can affect people\u2019s psychological well-being. The aims of this study were (1) to estimate the extent to which perceptions and expectations regarding the social, economic, and domestic effects of the COVID-19 outbreak are associated with psychological distress and (2) to identify some demographic, psychosocial, and economic factors associated with increased vulnerability to psychological distress during the COVID-19 outbreak in Chile. 1078 people participated in a telephone survey between May 30 and June 10, 2020. The sample is representative of the Chilean adult population. Psychological distress was assessed through a questionnaire of anxious and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-4). We analyzed the data set using ordinary least-squares regression models, first estimating models for the entire sample, and then stratifying the sample into different groups to explore differences by gender and age. 19.2% of participants displayed significant psychological distress (PHQ-4 \u2265 6), with moderate to severe anxiety-depression symptoms being more prevalent in women than in men (23.9% vs 14.1%, \u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    16.78, p&lt;0.001). The results of this study suggest that being a woman, feeling lonely and isolated, living in the areas hit hardest by the pandemic and lockdown, expecting a lack of income due to having to stop working as a consequence of the pandemic, and having a history of diagnosed mental disorders are significantly associated with psychological distress (p&lt;0.05). The results of this study highlight the need to implement psychosocial programs to guard people\u2019s psychological well-being and social policies to address economic uncertainty during the current COVID-19 outbreak in Chile.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T13:30:16Z","timestamp":1635946216000},"page":"e0251683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Psychological distress during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chile: The role of economic uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fabi\u00e1n","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5621-9322","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10227","key":"pone.0251683.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence","volume":"395","author":"S Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0251683.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science","volume":"7","author":"E Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0251683.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30307-2","article-title":"How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"C Moreno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0251683.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review","volume":"277","author":"J Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0251683.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020915212","article-title":"The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health","volume":"66","author":"J Torales","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0251683.ref006","unstructured":"United Nations (2020a) Policy Brief: COVID-19 and the need for action on mental health. 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