{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T07:34:35Z","timestamp":1773819275737,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of eyedrop instillation failure and its related physical and visual function factors among glaucoma patients who used hypotensive eyedrops daily.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Subjects and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients with a history of self-instillation of one or more ocular hypotensive ophthalmic solutions for six or more months were enrolled. Definitions of instillation failure were eyedrop instillation other than on the eye surface; eyedrop contact with eyelashes; eyedrop bottle tip contact with the eyelashes, eye surface or ocular adnexa; or two or more drops instilled with one instillation trial. To clarify factors related to instillation failure, we used visual function tests and investigated cervical spine extension angles during instillation, pinching strength, physical ataxia (evaluated using the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia), motor dysfunction of the upper limbs (evaluated using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire), and vision quality (evaluated using the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of 103 total subjects, 61.2% satisfied the definition of instillation failure. Instillation of the eyedrop other than at the cul-desac (76.2%) was the most frequent reason for failure, followed by contact of the tip of the eyedrop bottle (22.2%) and instillation of the same or more than two eyedrops in a single attempt (11.1%). Advanced age, a shallow cervical spine extension angle, weak pinching strength, poor motor dysfunction of the upper limbs, the degree of ataxia, poor best-corrected visual acuity, and visual field scores were significant risk factors for instillation failure. Vision quality may have some relation to instillation failure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>It is highly recommended that instillation failure be routinely investigated even among patients with adequate experience using eyedrops and that correct therapies are chosen in a patient-based fashion.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T17:37:37Z","timestamp":1621013857000},"page":"e0251699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Investigation of visual and physical factors associated with inadequate instillation of eyedrops among patients with 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