{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:43:53Z","timestamp":1774615433677,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNITAID & Global Fund via IVCC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study provides detailed characteristics of vector populations in preparation for a three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) aiming to compare the community impact of dual active-ingredient (AI) long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) that combine two novel insecticide classes\u2013chlorfenapyr or pyriproxifen\u2013with alpha-cypermethrin to improve the prevention of malaria transmitted by insecticide-resistant vectors compared to standard pyrethroid LLINs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study was carried out in 60 villages across Cove, Zangnanando and Ouinhi districts, southern Benin. Mosquito collections were performed using human landing catches (HLCs). After morphological identification, a sub-sample of <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.l. were dissected for parity, analyzed by PCR for species and presence of L1014F <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> mutation and by ELISA-CSP to identify <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> sporozoite infection. WHO susceptibility tube tests were performed by exposing adult <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.l., collected as larvae from each district, to 0.05% alphacypermethrin, 0.75% permethrin, 0.1% bendiocarb and 0.25% pirimiphos-methyl. Synergist assays were also conducted with exposure first to 4% PBO followed by alpha-cypermethrin.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.l. (n = 10807) was the main malaria vector complex found followed by <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic> s.l. (n = 397) and <jats:italic>Anopheles nili<\/jats:italic> (n = 82). <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.l. was comprised of <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coluzzii<\/jats:italic> (53.9%) and <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.s. (46.1%), both displaying a frequency of the L1014F <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> mutation &gt;80%. Although more than 80% of people slept under standard LLIN, human biting rate (HBR) in <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.l. was higher indoors [26.5 bite\/person\/night (95% CI: 25.2\u201327.9)] than outdoors [18.5 b\/p\/n (95% CI: 17.4\u201319.6)], as were the trends for sporozoite rate (SR) [2.9% (95% CI: 1.7\u20134.8) vs 1.8% (95% CI: 0.6\u20133.8)] and entomological inoculation rate (EIR) [21.6 infected bites\/person\/month (95% CI: 20.4\u201322.8) vs 5.4 (95% CI: 4.8\u20136.0)]. Parous rate was 81.6% (95%CI: 75.4\u201388.4). <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.l. was resistant to alpha-cypermethrin and permethrin but, fully susceptible to bendiocarb and pirimiphos-methyl. PBO pre-exposure followed by alpha-cypermethrin treatment induced a higher 24 hours mortality compared to alphacypermethrin alone but not exceeding 40%.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Despite a high usage of standard pyrethroid LLINs, the study area is characterized by intense malaria transmission. The main vectors <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coluzzii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.s. were both highly resistant to pyrethroids and displayed multiple resistance mechanisms, L1014F <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> mutation and mixed function oxidases. These conditions of the study area make it an appropriate site to conduct the trial that aims to assess the effect of novel dual-AI LLINs on malaria transmitted by insecticide-resistant vectors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T17:47:40Z","timestamp":1621532860000},"page":"e0251742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Pre-intervention characteristics of the mosquito species in Benin in preparation for a randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of dual active-ingredient long-lasting insecticidal nets for controlling insecticide-resistant malaria vectors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Boulais","family":"Yovogan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1294-2129","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arthur","family":"Sovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gil G.","family":"Padonou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constantin J.","family":"Adoha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Akinro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sa\u00efd","family":"Chitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9550-9413","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manfred","family":"Accrombessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edouard","family":"Dangb\u00e9non","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilaire","family":"Akpovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3107-6214","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louisa A.","family":"Messenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Razaki","family":"Oss\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aurore Ogouyemi","family":"Hounto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackie","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Immo","family":"Kleinschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corine","family":"Ngufor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Protopopoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin C.","family":"Akogb\u00e9to","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0251742.ref001","volume-title":"Enqu\u00eate D\u00e9mographique et de Sant\u00e9 au B\u00e9nin, 2017\u20132018: Indicateurs Cl\u00e9s","author":"Institut National de la Statistique et de l\u2019Analyse \u00c9conomique (INSAE) et ICF","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","article-title":"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.21.2571","article-title":"Sustainability of reductions in malaria transmission and infant mortality in western Kenya with use of insecticide-treated bednets: 4 to 6 years of follow-up","volume":"291","author":"KA Lindblade","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2305.161315","article-title":"Insecticide-Treated Nets and Protection against Insecticide-Resistant Malaria Vectors in Western Kenya","volume":"23","author":"E Ochomo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1156-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of insecticidal nets on uncomplicated clinical malaria: a case-control study for operational evaluation","volume":"15","author":"GB Damien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1873-1","article-title":"Insecticide-treated nets provide protection against malaria to children in an area of insecticide resistance in Southern Benin","volume":"16","author":"J Bradley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1807.120218","article-title":"Loss of household protection from use of insecticide-treated nets against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, Benin","volume":"18","author":"A Asidi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30427-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of a long-lasting piperonyl butoxide-treated insecticidal net and indoor residual spray interventions, separately and together, against malaria transmitted by pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes: a cluster, randomised controlled, two-by-two factorial design trial","volume":"391","author":"N Protopopoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref009","volume-title":"World Malaria Report, 2019","author":"WHO","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30214-2","article-title":"Effect of long-lasting insecticidal nets with and without piperonyl butoxide on malaria indicators in Uganda (LLINEUP): a pragmatic, cluster-randomised trial embedded in a national LLIN distribution campaign","volume":"395","author":"SG Staedke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31711-2","article-title":"Efficacy of Olyset Duo, a bednet containing pyriproxyfen and permethrin, versus a permethrin-only net against clinical malaria in an area with highly pyrethroid-resistant vectors in rural Burkina Faso: a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"392","author":"AB Tiono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0251742.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0165925","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165925","article-title":"A Chlorfenapyr Mixture Net Interceptor\u00ae G2 Shows High Efficacy and Wash Durability against Resistant Mosquitoes in West Africa","volume":"11","author":"R N\u2019Guessan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69109-5","article-title":"Efficacy of Royal Guard, a new alpha-cypermethrin and pyriproxyfen treated mosquito net, against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors","volume":"10","author":"C Ngufor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0981-z","article-title":"Insecticide resistance profile of Anopheles gambiae from a phase II field station in Cov\u00e9, southern Benin: implications for the evaluation of novel vector control products","volume":"14","author":"C Ngufor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref015","unstructured":"Institut National de la Statistique et de l\u2019Analyse Economique (INSAE): Cahiers des villages et quartiers de ville du d\u00e9partement du Zou, Recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population 2013\u20134, Ao\u00fbt 2016. https:\/\/www.insae-bj.org\/images\/docs\/insae-statistiques\/enquetes-recensements\/RGPH\/1.RGPH_4\/resultats%20finaux\/Cahiers%20villages\/Cahier%20des%20villages%20et%20quartiers%20de%20ville%20du%20zou.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref016","first-page":"343","article-title":"The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara","volume":"54","author":"M Gillies","year":"1968","journal-title":"Publ South Afri Inst Med Res"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref017","first-page":"45","article-title":"The determination of the physiological age of the females of Anopheles gambiae by changes in the tracheal system of the ovaries","author":"TS Detinova","year":"1945","journal-title":"Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref018","first-page":"39","article-title":"Comparative testing of monoclonal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites for ELISA development","volume":"65","author":"R Wirtz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-163","article-title":"Insertion polymorphisms of SINE200 retrotransposons within speciation islands of Anopheles gambiae molecular forms","volume":"7","author":"F Santolamazza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.1998.72062.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s","volume":"7","author":"D Martinez-Torres","year":"1998","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref021","volume-title":"Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes","author":"WHO","year":"2016","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-83","article-title":"Culicidae diversity, malaria transmission and insecticide resistance alleles in malaria vectors in Ouidah-Kpomasse-Tori district from Benin (West Africa): A pre-intervention study","volume":"3","author":"A Dj\u00e8nontin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3865-1","article-title":"Efficacy of Actellic 300 CS-based indoor residual spraying on key entomological indicators of malaria transmission in Alibori and Donga, two regions of northern Benin","volume":"12","author":"AS Salako","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2792-0","article-title":"Involvement of Anopheles nili in Plasmodium falciparum transmission in North Benin","volume":"18","author":"RA Oss\u00e8","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3525-5","article-title":"Assessment of treatment impact on lymphatic filariasis in 13 districts of Benin: progress toward elimination in nine districts despite persistence of transmission in some areas","volume":"12","author":"PM Boko-Collins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-020-00207-w","article-title":"Entomological assessment of the risk of dengue outbreak in Abomey-Calavi Commune, Benin","volume":"48","author":"GG Padonou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Health."},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-103","article-title":"Microdistribution of the resistance of malaria vectors to deltamethrin in the region of Plateau (southeastern Benin) in preparation for an assessment of the impact of resistance on the effectiveness of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs)","volume":"14","author":"A Sovi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-8-5","article-title":"Evidence for divergent selection between the molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae: Role of predation","volume":"8","author":"A Diabate","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-444","article-title":"Transmission patterns of Plasmodium falciparum by Anopheles gambiae in Benin","volume":"13","author":"V Gnanguenon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-380","article-title":"Persistently high estimates of late night, indoor exposure to malaria vectors despite high coverage of insecticide treated nets","volume":"7","author":"MN Bayoh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0766-4","article-title":"\u2018A bite before bed\u2019: exposure to malaria vectors outside the times of net use in the highlands of western Kenya","volume":"14","author":"MK Cooke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref032","unstructured":"N\u2019tcha L, Akogbeto M. Socio-behavioral study on population sleeping patterns in northern Benin for Indoor Residual Spraying decision. Unpublished USAID Annual Report, IL#31; 2019."},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0833-2","article-title":"Malaria vectors resistance to insecticides in Benin: current trends and mechanisms involved","volume":"8","author":"V Gnanguenon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-3116-0","article-title":"Resistance status of Anopheles gambiae s.l. to insecticides following the 2011 mass distribution campaign of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in the Plateau Department, south-eastern Benin.","volume":"19","author":"A Sovi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0568-5","article-title":"Evidence of multiple mechanisms providing carbamate and organophosphate resistance in field An. gambiae population from Atacora in Benin","volume":"7","author":"R A\u00efkpon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3180-2","article-title":"Insecticide resistance status, frequency of L1014F Kdr and G119S Ace-1 mutations, and expression of detoxification enzymes in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) in two regions of northern Benin in preparation for indoor residual spraying","volume":"11","author":"AS Salako","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0251742.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0224718","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224718","article-title":"Resting behaviour of malaria vectors in highland and lowland sites of western Kenya: Implication on malaria vector control measures","volume":"15","author":"MG Machani","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2452-9","article-title":"Blood feeding behaviour comparison and contribution of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae, two sibling species living in sympatry, to malaria transmission in Alibori and Donga region, northern Benin, West Africa","volume":"17","author":"MC Akogb\u00e9to","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2098-z","article-title":"Indoor and outdoor malaria vector surveillance in western Kenya: implications for better understanding of residual transmission","volume":"16","author":"T Degefa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malaria J."},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70194-3","article-title":"Malaria morbidity and pyrethroid resistance after the introduction of insecticide-treated bednets and artemisinin-based combination therapies: a longitudinal study","volume":"11","author":"JF Trape","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0251742.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97700","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097700","article-title":"How the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae adapts to the use of insecticide-treated nets by African populations","volume":"9","author":"MO Ndiath","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-329","article-title":"Outdoor malaria transmission in forested villages of Cambodia","volume":"12","author":"L Durnez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3619-0","article-title":"Higher Risk of Malaria Transmission Outdoors Than Indoors by Nyssorhynchus Darlingi in Riverine Communities in the Peruvian Amazon","volume":"12","author":"MP Saavedra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0251742.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15086","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820646116","article-title":"Mosquito feeding behavior and how it influences residual malaria transmission across Africa","volume":"116","author":"E Sherrard-Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251742","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T17:48:10Z","timestamp":1621532890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251742"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"John","family":"Vontas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251742","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]}}}