{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:51:58Z","timestamp":1770742318378,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001778","name":"Deakin University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["School PhD Funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["School PhD Funding"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To compare blood alkalosis, gastrointestinal symptoms and indicators of strong ion difference after ingestion of 500 mg.kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> BM sodium citrate over four different periods.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sixteen healthy and active participants ingested 500 mg.kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> BM sodium citrate in gelatine capsules over a 15, 30, 45 or 60 min period using a randomized cross-over experimental design. Gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaires and venous blood samples were collected before ingestion, immediately post-ingestion, and every 30 min for 480 min post-ingestion. Blood samples were analysed for blood pH, [HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>], [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>], [Cl<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>] and plasma [citrate]. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the effect of the ingestion protocols.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>For all treatments, blood [HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>] was significantly elevated above baseline for the entire 480 min post-ingestion period, and peak occurred 180 min post-ingestion. Blood [HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>] and pH were significantly elevated above baseline and not significantly below the peak between 150\u2013270 min post-ingestion. Furthermore, blood pH and [HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>] were significantly lower for the 60 min ingestion period when compared to the other treatments. Gastrointestinal symptoms were minor for all treatments; the mean total session symptoms ratings (all times summed together) were between 9.8 and 11.6 from a maximum possible rating of 720.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Based on the findings of this investigation, sodium citrate should be ingested over a period of less than 60 min (15, 30 or 45 min), and completed 150\u2013270 min before exercise.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T17:28:19Z","timestamp":1621272499000},"page":"e0251808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Does varying the ingestion period of sodium citrate influence blood alkalosis and gastrointestinal symptoms?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9467-0077","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charles S.","family":"Urwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodney J.","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Orellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Condo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glenn D.","family":"Wadley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amelia J.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0251808.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001043","article-title":"The role of acidosis in fatigue: pro perspective","volume":"48","author":"R Fitts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0251808.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001044","article-title":"Acidosis is not a significant cause of skeletal muscle fatigue","volume":"48","author":"H Westerblad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0251808.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.045872","article-title":"Acidosis inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in contracting human skeletal muscle in vivo","volume":"553","author":"S Jubrias","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0251808.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2015-0336","article-title":"Induced alkalosis and gastrointestinal symptoms after sodium citrate ingestion: a dose-response investigation","volume":"26","author":"CS Urwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0251808.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2013-0127","article-title":"Influence of caffeine and sodium citrate ingestion on 1,500-m exercise performance in elite wheelchair athletes: a pilot study","volume":"24","author":"J Flueck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251808.ref006","first-page":"4","article-title":"A novel ingestion strategy for sodium bicarbonate supplementation in a delayed-release form: a randomised crossover study in trained males","volume":"5","author":"N Hilton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251808.ref007","first-page":"213","article-title":"Sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate: ergogenic aids?","volume":"19","author":"B Requena","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"pone.0251808.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2021.1896517","article-title":"Extraceullular buffer choice influences acid-base responses and gastrointestinal symptoms","author":"J Peacock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0251808.ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sodium citrate supplementation: an updated revision and practical recommendations on exercise performance, hydration status and potential risks","volume":"00","author":"G Cerullo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Translational Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251808.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0397-5","article-title":"Nutritional strategies to modulate intracellular and extracellular buffering capacity during high-intensity exercise","volume":"45","author":"AH Lancha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251808.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00035","article-title":"Time to optimize supplementation: modifying factors influencing the individual responses to extracellular buffering agents","volume":"5","author":"A Heibel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Nutrition"},{"key":"pone.0251808.ref012","article-title":"Factors Influencing Blood Alkalosis and Other Physiological Responses, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Exercise Performance Following Sodium Citrate Supplementation: a Review","author":"CS Urwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0251808.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00599698","article-title":"The effects of buffer ingestion on metabolic factors related to distance running performance","volume":"72","author":"J Potteiger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0251808.ref014","article-title":"Sodium bicarbonate improves sprint performance in endurance cycling","author":"S Dalle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251808.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236058","article-title":"Sodium citrate and anaerobic performance: implications of dosage","volume":"61","author":"L McNaughton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0251808.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14216","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14216","article-title":"Sodium citrate ingestion protocol impacts induced alkalosis, gastrointestinal symptoms, and palatability","volume":"7","author":"CS Urwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiological Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251808.ref017","first-page":"125","article-title":"The effects of sodium citrate ingestion on metabolism and 1500m racing time in trained female runners","volume":"7","author":"V Oopik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0251808.ref018","first-page":"230","article-title":"The effects of sodium citrate ingestion on 3,000-meter time-trial performance","volume":"15","author":"R Shave","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0251808.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3068-6","article-title":"Impact of acute sodium citrate ingestion on endurance running performance in a warm environment","volume":"115","author":"I Vaher","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0251808.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsn.8.4.356","article-title":"An investigation into the effects of sodium citrate ingestion on high-intensity exercise performance","volume":"8","author":"K Van Someren","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0251808.ref021","first-page":"194","article-title":"The effects of sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate on 600 m running time of trained females","volume":"35","author":"G Tiryaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251808.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421648","article-title":"The effect of sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate ingestion on anaerobic power during intermittent exercise","volume":"55","author":"M Parry-Billings","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0251808.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.6.485","article-title":"Effects of sodium citrate ingestion before exercise on endurance performance in well trained college runners","volume":"37","author":"V Oopik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0251808.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000152704.34531.B6","article-title":"Alkalosis and the plasma catecholamine response to high intensity exercise in man","volume":"37","author":"R Bracken","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0251808.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1997.sp004079","article-title":"The effect of sodium citrate ingestion on the metabolic response to intense exercise following diet manipulation in man","volume":"82","author":"D Ball","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0251808.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.086801","article-title":"Metabolic alkalosis reduces exercise-induced acidosis and potassium accumulation in human skeletal muscle interstitium","volume":"566","author":"D Street","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0251808.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000132378.73975.25","article-title":"Effects of ingestion of bicarbonate, citrate, lactate, and chloride on sprint running","volume":"36","author":"M Van Montfoort","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"pone.0251808.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00138","article-title":"The impact of individualizing sodium bicarbonate supplementation strategies on world-class rowing performance","volume":"7","author":"S Boegman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Nutrition"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251808.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2015-0286","article-title":"Dose-response of sodium bicarbonate ingestion highlights individuality in time course of blood analyte responses","volume":"26","author":"R Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251808.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00475.2007","article-title":"Acid-base analysis: a critique of the Stewart and bicarbonate-centered approaches","volume":"294","author":"I Kurtz","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0251808.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1139\/y83-207","article-title":"Modern quantitative acid\u2013base chemistry","volume":"61","author":"P Stewart","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0251808.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.2.111","article-title":"Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research","volume":"8","author":"K De Pauw","year":"2013","journal-title":"International journal of sports physiology performance"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0251808.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000852","article-title":"Nutrition and Athletic Performance","volume":"48","author":"ACSM","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine & science in sports & exercise"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0251808.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199213020-00003","article-title":"Carbohydrate nutrition and fatigue","volume":"13","author":"DL Costill","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251808.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000140527","article-title":"Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery","volume":"22","author":"L Burke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251808.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000140536","article-title":"Pre-exercise carbohydrate and fat ingestion: effects on metabolism and performance","volume":"22","author":"M Hargreaves","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"pone.0251808.ref037","first-page":"151","volume-title":"A flexible system of enzymatic analysis","author":"H Oliver","year":"1972"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0251808.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(66)90172-2","article-title":"Determination of citrate with citrate lyase","volume":"17","author":"H Moellering","year":"1966","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0251808.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02572.x","article-title":"Validation of the gastrointestinal symptom score for the assessment of symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia","volume":"22","author":"B Adam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"pone.0251808.ref040","first-page":"9","article-title":"Hedonic scale of measuring food preferences","volume":"11","author":"D Peryam","year":"1957","journal-title":"Food Technol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0251808.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2165\/11591440-000000000-00000","article-title":"Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance: a meta analysis","volume":"41","author":"A Carr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0251808.ref042","volume-title":"The Elements of Statistical Learning","author":"J Friedman","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251808.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2019-0151","article-title":"Enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate attenuates gastrointestinal side-effects","volume":"30","author":"NP Hilton","year":"2020","journal-title":"International journal of sport nutrition exercise metabolism"},{"key":"pone.0251808.ref044","article-title":"Enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate supplementation improves high-intensity cycling performance in trained cyclists","author":"NP Hilton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0251808.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002313","article-title":"Is Individualization of Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion Based on Time to Peak Necessary?","volume":"52","author":"DEOL Farias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251808.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050211","article-title":"Effect of sodium citrate on performance and metabolism of human skeletal muscle during supramaximal cycling exercise","volume":"76","author":"M Linossier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0251808.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02332219","article-title":"The effect of sodium citrate loading on exercise performance, acid-base balance and metabolism","volume":"58","author":"J Kowalchuk","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0251808.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37520-1","article-title":"Gastrointestinal citrate absorption in nephrolithiasis","volume":"147","author":"J Fegan","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0251808.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37437-2","article-title":"Citraturic response to oral citric acid load","volume":"147","author":"K Sakhaee","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0251808.ref050","first-page":"49","article-title":"Low urinary citrate: an overview","volume":"23","author":"M Zacchia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Nephrology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0251808.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199103000-00009","article-title":"The influence of volume on gastric emptying and fluid balance during prolonged exercise","volume":"23","author":"J Mitchell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0251808.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.21.3.189","article-title":"Effect of sodium bicarbonate on [HCO3], pH, and gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"21","author":"A Carr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0251808.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.143867","article-title":"Both longer oral sensory exposure to and higher intensity of saltiness decrease ad libitum food intake in healthy normal-weight men","volume":"141","author":"D Bolhuis","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0251808.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12340","article-title":"Sensory influences on food intake control: Moving beyond palatability","volume":"17","author":"K McCrickerd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes Rev"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251808","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T17:29:14Z","timestamp":1621272554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251808"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lars","family":"McNaughton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251808","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]}}}