{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:03:46Z","timestamp":1791950626586,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ile-de-France region","award":["DIM 1-health 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIM 1-health 2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is an emerging worldwide zoonotic disease, but the general biology of the causative agents is still poorly understood. Humans are an occasional host. The main risk factors are water-associated exposure during professional or recreational activities or during outbreaks in endemic areas. Detecting the presence of pathogenic bacteria in aquatic environments and their capacity to resist various inactivation processes are research fields that need to be further developed. In addition, the methods used for detecting and enumerating <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> still need to be improved. We aimed to describe a new quantitative polymerase chain reaction coupled to propidium monoazide treatment (PMAqPCR) that targets not only total <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> but also discriminates pathogenic from non-pathogenic <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> while also addressing PCR inhibitors, a frequently encountered problem when studying environmental water. In a second step, the killing efficiency of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> to different treatments was tested and PMAqPCR compared to culture-based enumeration. This provided information about the effects of temperature, as well as ultraviolet and chlorine disinfection, that are both related to water treatment processes, in particular for the production of drinking water, on the persistence of both saprophytic and pathogenic <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>. Finally, PMAqPCR was used for the detection of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> in freshwater samples for a proof-of-concept. In conclusion, our method could be used for routine freshwater monitoring and allows better evaluation of the presence of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>, allowing evaluation of the bacterial dynamics in a designated area or assessment of the efficacy of water disinfection processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T18:00:29Z","timestamp":1622052029000},"page":"e0251901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effect of disinfection agents and quantification of potentially viable Leptospira in fresh water samples using a highly sensitive integrity-qPCR assay"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elise","family":"Richard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Bourhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5338-5579","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Picardeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5162-7215","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laurent","family":"Moulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Wurtzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0251901.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003898","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","article-title":"Global Morbidity and Mortality of Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"F Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0251901.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6473851","article-title":"Clinical and Epidemiological Status of Leptospirosis in a Tropical Caribbean Area of Colombia","volume":"2018","author":"V Tique","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0251901.ref003","volume":"10","author":"L Biscornet","journal-title":"An Observational Study of Human Leptospirosis in Seychelles."},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0251901.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.17.30211","article-title":"Marked increase in leptospirosis infections in humans and dogs in the Netherlands, 2014","volume":"21","author":"R Pijnacker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"pone.0251901.ref005","volume":"7","author":"P Bourhy","journal-title":"DIAGNOSTIC, SURVEILLANCE ET EPIDEMIOLOGIE DE LA LEPTOSPIROSE EN FRANCE \/ DIAGNOSIS, SURVEILLANCE, AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LEPTOSPIROSIS IN FRANCE"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0251901.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2","article-title":"Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"3","author":"AR Bharti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0251901.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1086\/340615","article-title":"Outbreak of Leptospirosis among Triathlon Participants and Community Residents in Springfield, Illinois, 1998","volume":"34","author":"J Morgan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0251901.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.07.002","article-title":"Climate change, flooding, urbanisation and leptospirosis: fuelling the fire?","volume":"104","author":"CL Lau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0251901.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2020.78","article-title":"A systematic literature review of leptospirosis outbreaks worldwide, 1970\u20132012","volume":"44","author":"C Munoz-Zanzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud P\u00fablica"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0251901.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003843","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003843","article-title":"Environmental and Behavioural Determinants of Leptospirosis Transmission: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"MA Mwachui","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0251901.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2008.06.010","article-title":"Clinical aspects and prognostic factors of leptospirosis in adults. 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