{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:35:16Z","timestamp":1785904516661,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs","award":["28438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28438"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The economic consequences of abortion care and abortion policies for individuals occur directly and indirectly. We lack synthesis of the economic costs, impacts, benefit or value of abortion care at the micro-level (i.e., individuals and households). This scoping review examines the microeconomic costs, benefits and consequences of abortion care and policies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Searches were conducted in eight electronic databases and applied inclusion\/exclusion criteria using the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews. For inclusion, studies must have examined at least one of the following outcomes: costs, impacts, benefits, and value of abortion care or abortion policies. Quantitative and qualitative data were extracted for descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Of the 230 included microeconomic studies, costs are the most frequently reported microeconomic outcome (n = 180), followed by impacts (n = 84), benefits (n = 39), and values (n = 26). Individual-level costs of abortion-related care have implications for the timing and type of care sought, globally. In contexts requiring multiple referrals or follow-up visits, these costs are multiplied. The ways in which people pay for abortion-related costs are diverse. The intersection between micro-level costs and delay(s) to abortion-related care is substantial. Individuals forego other costs and expenditures, or are pushed further into debt and\/or poverty, in order to fund abortion-related care. The evidence base on the economic impacts of policy or law change is from high-income countries, dominated by studies from the United States.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Delays underpinned by economic factors can thwart care-seeking, affect the type of care sought, and impact the gestational age at which care is sought or reached. The evidence base includes little evidence on the micro-level costs for adolescents. Specific sub-groups of abortion care-seekers (transgendered and\/or disabled people) are absent from the evidence and it is likely that they may experience higher direct and indirect costs because they may experience greater barriers to abortion care.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T17:52:16Z","timestamp":1623261136000},"page":"e0252005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The microeconomics of abortion: A scoping review and analysis of the economic consequences for abortion care-seekers"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8703-307X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ernestina","family":"Coast","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0934-1488","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samantha R.","family":"Lattof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7669-2857","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yana van der","family":"Meulen Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5972-5183","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brittany","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheri","family":"Poss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0252005.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0237227","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237227","article-title":"The mesoeconomics of abortion: A scoping review and analysis of the economic effects of abortion on health systems","volume":"15","author":"SR Lattof","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0246238","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246238","article-title":"The economics of abortion and its links with stigma: A secondary analysis from a scoping review on the economics of abortion","volume":"16","author":"B Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref003","article-title":"The macroeconomics of abortion: A scoping review and analysis of the costs and outcomes","author":"YvdM Rodgers","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE (under review)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"D Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Systematic reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0252005.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of internal medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0252005.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e029939","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029939","article-title":"Economics of abortion: a scoping review protocol","volume":"9","author":"E Coast","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2017.09.016","article-title":"Exploring the feasibility of obtaining mifepristone and misoprostol from the internet","volume":"97","author":"C Murtagh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"52","key":"pone.0252005.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/09688080.2018.1522195","article-title":"Comparing women\u2019s financial costs of induced abortion at a facility vs. seeking treatment for complications from unsafe abortion in Zambia","volume":"26","author":"AM Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref009","first-page":"52","article-title":"Maternal Near-Miss Due to Unsafe Abortion and Associate Short-Term Health and Socio-Economic Consequences in Nigeria","volume":"19","author":"E Prada","year":"2015","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health \/ La Revue Africaine de la Sant\u00e9 Reproductive"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0252005.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2017.02.016","article-title":"\"If I ever did have a daughter, I wouldn\u2019t raise her in New Brunswick:\u201d exploring women\u2019s experiences obtaining abortion care before and after policy reform","volume":"95","author":"AM Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2159-6","article-title":"An exploration of the socio-economic profile of women and costs of receiving abortion services at public health facilities of Madhya Pradesh, India","volume":"17","author":"SK Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC health services research"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsif.2013.02.001","article-title":"Spatial disparities and travel to freestanding abortion clinics in Canada","volume":"38","author":"C Sethna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Studies International Forum"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/13625187.2010.546534","article-title":"A qualitative assessment of the acceptability and potential demand for medical abortion among university students in Durban, South Africa","volume":"16","author":"A Gresh","year":"2011","journal-title":"The European journal of contraception & reproductive health care: the official journal of the European Society of Contraception"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(04)24012-5","article-title":"The political economy of abortion in India: cost and expenditure patterns","volume":"12","author":"R Duggal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0252005.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2002.00237.x","article-title":"Is \"Abortion Culture\" Fading in the Former Soviet Union? Views about Abortion and Contraception in Kazakhstan","volume":"33","author":"V Agadjanian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Studies in Family Planning"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0252005.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2013.03.001","article-title":"At What Cost? Payment for Abortion Care by U.S. Women","volume":"23","author":"RK Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Issues"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0252005.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(03)02297-3","article-title":"Safe Abortion for HIV-Positive Women with Unwanted Pregnancy: A Reproductive Right","volume":"11","author":"M de Bruyn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref018","first-page":"221","article-title":"Abortion care in Nepal, 15 years after legalization: Gaps in access, equity, and quality","volume":"19","author":"W-J Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health and human rights"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.01.003","article-title":"How Are Restrictive Abortion Statutes Associated With Unintended Teen Birth?","volume":"47","author":"MS Coles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref020","first-page":"3538","article-title":"Barriers around access to abortion experienced by rural women in New South Wales, Australia","volume":"16","author":"FM Doran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rural & Remote Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0252005.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/ajr.12096","article-title":"Rural New South Wales women\u2019s access to abortion services: highlights from an exploratory qualitative study","volume":"22","author":"F Doran","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Australian journal of rural health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0252005.ref022","first-page":"399","article-title":"Mexico City\u2019s Legal Abortion Program: health workers\u2019 experiences","volume":"32","author":"C D\u00edaz-Olavarrieta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0252005.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204240","article-title":"Policy, law and post-abortion care services in Kenya","volume":"13","author":"MM Mutua","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0252005.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czv138","article-title":"The individual level cost of pregnancy termination in Zambia: a comparison of safe and unsafe abortion","volume":"31","author":"T Leone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Policy & Planning"},{"issue":"26","key":"pone.0252005.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(05)26206-7","article-title":"A project to improve the quality of abortion services in Moldova","volume":"13","author":"R Comendant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000115511.14004.19","article-title":"Routine follow-up visits after first-trimester induced abortion","volume":"103","author":"D Grossman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstetrics and gynecology"},{"issue":"26","key":"pone.0252005.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(05)26203-1","article-title":"Medical abortion: the possibilities for introduction in the public sector in South Africa","volume":"13","author":"D Cooper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7287.1996.tb00616.x","article-title":"The Impact of Provider Availability on Abortion Demand","volume":"14","author":"RW Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contemporary Economic Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1363\/4521013","article-title":"Who Seeks Abortions at or After 20 Weeks?","volume":"45","author":"DG Foster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perspectives on Sexual & Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0252005.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)32560-9","article-title":"Far From Home? A Pilot Study Tracking Women\u2019s Journeys to a Canadian Abortion Clinic","volume":"29","author":"C Sethna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0252005.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(02)00023-X","article-title":"Clear and Compelling Evidence: The Polish Tribunal on Abortion Rights","volume":"10","author":"F Girard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref032","first-page":"383","article-title":"Triaging patients with post-abortion complications: a prospective study in Nepal","volume":"22","author":"S Thapa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of health, population, and nutrition"},{"issue":"30","key":"pone.0252005.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(07)30313-3","article-title":"Abortion: An Open Secret? Abortion and Social Network Involvement in Burkina Faso","volume":"15","author":"C Rossier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"43","key":"pone.0252005.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(14)43758-3","article-title":"Women\u2019s perceptions about abortion in their communities: perspectives from western Kenya","volume":"22","author":"HM Marlow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2014.0151","article-title":"Does Medicaid Coverage Matter? A Qualitative Multi-State Study of Abortion Affordability for Low-income Women","volume":"25","author":"A Dennis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Health Care for the Poor & Underserved"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2014.886724","article-title":"Restricted access to abortion in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland: exploring abortion tourism and barriers to legal reform","volume":"16","author":"F Bloomer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Culture, Health & Sexuality"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0252005.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2017.08.008","article-title":"Mixed-methods investigation of women\u2019s experiences with second-trimester abortion care in the Midwest and Northeast United States","volume":"96","author":"K Blanchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1363\/psrh.12024","article-title":"Barriers to Abortion Care and Their Consequences For Patients Traveling for Services: Qualitative Findings from Two States","volume":"49","author":"J Jerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspectives on Sexual & Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0252005.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-3991(95)00851-9","article-title":"Women\u2019s health and reproductive rights: Romanian experience","volume":"28","author":"HP David","year":"1996","journal-title":"Patient Education & Counseling"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0252005.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.02.005","article-title":"Real life is different: a qualitative study of why women delay abortion until the second trimester in Vietnam","volume":"64","author":"MF Gallo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0252005.ref041","first-page":"732","article-title":"Trajectory of women that performed a provoked abortion contained in the discourse of a clandestine procedure","volume":"23","author":"ZCSdN Souza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Paulista de Enfermagem"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1363\/43e4017","article-title":"Men\u2019s Roles in Women\u2019s Abortion Trajectories in Urban Zambia","volume":"43","author":"E Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0252005.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1053\/cjwh.2001.25642","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of misoprostol versus prostaglandin E2 for second trimester termination of pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"JJ Lalley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgyn.2012.10.006","article-title":"Avortements ill\u00e9gaux par le misoprostol en Guadeloupe","volume":"42","author":"M Manouana","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"36","key":"pone.0252005.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(10)36530-X","article-title":"Characteristics of private abortion services in Mexico City after legalization","volume":"18","author":"R Schiavon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"26","key":"pone.0252005.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(05)26199-2","article-title":"Women\u2019s Perspectives on Medical Abortion in Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru: A Qualitative Study","volume":"13","author":"MM Lafaurie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.4.4.503","article-title":"Pharmacoeconomics of medical abortion: a review of cost in the United States, Europe and Asia","volume":"4","author":"A Murthy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref048","first-page":"w13282","article-title":"Clinical course in women undergoing termination of pregnancy within the legal time limit in French-speaking Switzerland","volume":"141","author":"E Perrin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Swiss medical weekly"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.1997.tb00101.x","article-title":"Socio-economic background, individual cost and hospital care expenditure in cases of illegal and legal abortion in Maputo","volume":"5","author":"F Machungo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Health & Social Care in the Community"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(12)60009-5","article-title":"Pathways and consequences of unsafe abortion: a comparison among women with complications after induced and spontaneous abortions in Madhya Pradesh, India","volume":"118","author":"SK Banerjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1363\/3404008","article-title":"Severity and cost of unsafe abortion complications treated in Nigerian hospitals","volume":"34","author":"SK Henshaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Family Planning Perspectives"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czu025","article-title":"Costs and consequences of abortions to women and their households: a cross-sectional study in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","volume":"30","author":"PGC Ilboudo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Policy & Planning"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.025","article-title":"\u201cThese things are dangerous\u201d: Understanding induced abortion trajectories in urban Zambia","volume":"153","author":"E Coast","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1363\/43e5317","article-title":"It\u2019s a Race Against the Clock: A Qualitative Analysis of Barriers to Legal Abortion in Bogot, Colombia","volume":"43","author":"CE Brack","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"36","key":"pone.0252005.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(10)36527-X","article-title":"Access to safe and legal abortion for teenage women from deprived backgrounds in Hong Kong","volume":"18","author":"SL Hung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"48","key":"pone.0252005.ref056","first-page":"71","article-title":"Quality of Abortion Care: Perspectives of Clients and Providers in Jharkhand","volume":"42","author":"A Barua","year":"2007","journal-title":"Economic and Political Weekly"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.07.019","article-title":"\u2018High profile health facilities can add to your trouble\u2019: Women, stigma and un\/safe abortion in Kenya","volume":"141","author":"CO Izugbara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2017.11.008","article-title":"Australian women\u2019s experiences of a rural medical termination of pregnancy service: A qualitative study","volume":"15","author":"A Hulme-Chambers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref059","first-page":"43","article-title":"Who Cares? Pre and Post Abortion Experiences among Young Females in Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana","volume":"19","author":"K Esia-Donkon","year":"2015","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health \/ La Revue Africaine de la Sant\u00e9 Reproductive"},{"issue":"35","key":"pone.0252005.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(10)35504-2","article-title":"Experience seeking abortion among unmarried young women in Bihar and Jharkhand, India: delays and disadvantages","volume":"18","author":"SJ Jejeebhoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0252005.ref061","first-page":"541","article-title":"Abortion: Behaviour of adolescents in two districts in Kenya","volume":"76","author":"AK Mutungi","year":"1999","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0252005.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(02)00016-2","article-title":"Induced Abortions Among Adolescent Women in Rural Maharashtra, India","volume":"10","author":"B Ganatra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2016.1263270","article-title":"The undue burden of paying for abortion: An exploration of abortion fund cases","volume":"56","author":"GE Ely","year":"2017b","journal-title":"Social Work in Health Care"},{"issue":"24, Supplement","key":"pone.0252005.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(04)24015-0","article-title":"Abortion Providers and Safety of Abortion: A Community-Based Study in a Rural District of Tamil Nadu, India","volume":"12","author":"L Ramachandar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polgeo.2018.11.006","article-title":"Towards a political geography of abortion","volume":"69","author":"S Calkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Political Geography"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2017.09.003","article-title":"Barriers to accessing abortion services and perspectives on using mifepristone and misoprostol at home in Great Britain","volume":"97","author":"ARA Aiken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0252005.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.046","article-title":"Kathy Pan, sticks and pummelling: Techniques used to induce abortion by Burmese women on the Thai border","volume":"65","author":"S Belton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0252005.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(97)90003-3","article-title":"Women prosecuted and imprisoned for abortion in Chile","volume":"5","author":"L Casas-Becerra","year":"1997","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"44","key":"pone.0252005.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(14)44811-0","article-title":"Abortion in Chile: the practice under a restrictive regime","volume":"22","author":"L Casas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"26","key":"pone.0252005.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(05)26215-8","article-title":"Availability of medical abortion pills and the role of chemists: a study from Bihar and Jharkhand, India","volume":"13","author":"B Ganatra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"46","key":"pone.0252005.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rhm.2015.10.002","article-title":"Medical abortion in Australia: a short history","volume":"23","author":"B Baird","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0252005.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2016.06.015","article-title":"\"They made me go through like weeks of appointments and everything\": Documenting women\u2019s experiences seeking abortion care in Yukon territory, Canada","volume":"94","author":"JK Cano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2007.06.010","article-title":"Initial loss of productive days and income among women seeking induced abortion in Cambodia","volume":"53","author":"R Potdar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Midwifery & Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref074","first-page":"197","article-title":"Decriminalization and Women\u2019s Access to Abortion in Australia","volume":"19","author":"B Baird","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health & Human Rights: An International Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1363\/3917413","article-title":"Documenting the Individual- and Household-Level Cost of Unsafe Abortion in Uganda","volume":"39","author":"A Sundaram","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Perspectives on Sexual & Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0252005.ref076","first-page":"415","article-title":"Determinants of induced abortion delay","volume":"23","author":"L Font-Ribera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gac Sanit"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsrh-2017-101866","article-title":"Assessing the impact of TRAP laws on abortion and women\u2019s health in the USA: a systematic review","volume":"44","author":"N Austin","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ sexual & reproductive health"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0252005.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(03)02170-0","article-title":"Integration of Post-Abortion Care: The Role of Township Medical Officers and Midwives in Myanmar","volume":"11","author":"TT Htay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref079","article-title":"Quantifying disparities in access to public-sector abortion based on legislative differences within the Mexico City Metropolitan Area","author":"J Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.127530","article-title":"Legal barriers to second-trimester abortion provision and public health consequences","volume":"99","author":"BS Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref081","article-title":"How Far Is Too Far?","author":"S Cunningham","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Evidence on Abortion Clinic Closures, Access, and Abortions"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2015.12.017","article-title":"Women\u2019s experiences seeking abortion care shortly after the closure of clinics due to a restrictive law in Texas","volume":"93","author":"L Fuentes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0252005.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2016.06.004","article-title":"The Longest Wait: Examining the Impact of Utah\u2019s 72-Hour Waiting Period for Abortion","volume":"26","author":"JN Sanders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Issues"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2016.06.011","article-title":"Benefits from Delay? The Effect of Abortion Availability on Young Women and Their Children","volume":"43","author":"E Molland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Labour Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-9-34","article-title":"Latin American women\u2019s experiences with medical abortion in settings where abortion is legally restricted","volume":"9","author":"N Zamberlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2017.10.011","article-title":"Abortion in two francophone African countries: a study of whether women have begun to use misoprostol in Benin and Burkina Faso","volume":"97","author":"C Baxerres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0252005.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(01)00215-4","article-title":"Adolescent pregnancy 1 year later: the effects of abortion vs. motherhood in Northeast Brazil","volume":"29","author":"PE Bailey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e31816d72ee","article-title":"Abortion care for adolescents","volume":"51","author":"M Dragoman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2017.03.013","article-title":"Accessing medical and surgical first-trimester abortion services: women\u2019s experiences and costs from an operations research study in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa","volume":"96","author":"N Lince-Deroche","year":"2017a","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0252005.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S1049-3867(00)00061-X","article-title":"Time lost from work among women choosing medical or surgical abortions","volume":"10","author":"ER Wiebe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Issues"},{"issue":"37","key":"pone.0252005.ref091","first-page":"1","article-title":"Randomised preference trial of medical versus surgical termination of pregnancy less than 14 weeks\u2019 gestation (TOPS)","volume":"13","author":"S Robson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Technology Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0252005.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12641","article-title":"Access, equity and costs of induced abortion services in Australia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"41","author":"M Shankar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0252005.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(99)90003-4","article-title":"Induced abortion: What\u2019s happening in rural Bangladesh","volume":"7","author":"S Ahmed","year":"1999","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1363\/psrh.12006","article-title":"Women\u2019s Pathways to Abortion Care in South Carolina: A Qualitative Study of Obstacles and Supports","volume":"48","author":"J Margo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perspectives on Sexual & Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0252005.ref095","first-page":"325","article-title":"Socio-economic client characteristics and consequences of abortion in Nairobi","volume":"72","author":"M Sjostrand","year":"1995","journal-title":"East African medical journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0252005.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0165048","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165048","article-title":"Women\u2019s Experience Obtaining Abortion Care in Texas after Implementation of Restrictive Abortion Laws: A Qualitative Study","volume":"11","author":"SE Baum","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"3, Supplement","key":"pone.0252005.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2011.02.008","article-title":"Out of Time and Out of Pocket: Experiences of Women Seeking State-Subsidized Insurance for Abortion Care in Massachusetts","volume":"21","author":"D Bessett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Issues"},{"issue":"41","key":"pone.0252005.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(13)41700-7","article-title":"Delay in termination of pregnancy among unmarried adolescents and young women attending a tertiary hospital abortion clinic in Trivandrum, Kerala, India","volume":"21","author":"CV Sowmini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0252005.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301378","article-title":"Denial of Abortion Because of Provider Gestational Age Limits in the United States","volume":"104","author":"UD Upadhyay","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref100","first-page":"47","article-title":"Attitudes and Experiences of Women Admitted to Hospital with Abortion Complications in Ghana","volume":"15","author":"P Aniteye","year":"2011","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health \/ La Revue Africaine de la Sant\u00e9 Reproductive"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2014-0011","article-title":"Determinants of abortion decisions among Ghanaian university students","volume":"27","author":"NN Appiah-Agyekum","year":"2015","journal-title":"International journal of adolescent medicine and health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252005.ref102","first-page":"97","article-title":"Characteristics of Abortions in Southern Thailand","volume":"16","author":"S Chunuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2009.08.005","article-title":"Abortion patients\u2019 perceptions of abortion regulation","volume":"20","author":"K Cockrill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Women\u2019s health issues: official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0252005.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2017.1367795","article-title":"A trauma-informed examination of the hardships experienced by abortion fund patients in the United States","volume":"38","author":"GE Ely","year":"2017a","journal-title":"Health Care for Women International"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0252005.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1363\/3713411","article-title":"Induced Abortion in Tehran, Iran: Estimated Rates and Correlates","volume":"37","author":"A Erfani","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-015-0259-1","article-title":"The effect of abortion on having and achieving aspirational one-year plans","volume":"15","author":"UD Upadhyay","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"26","key":"pone.0252005.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(05)26207-9","article-title":"Study Supports the Introduction of Early Medical Abortion in Turkey","volume":"13","author":"A Akin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.1998.00473.x","article-title":"Assessing strength of preference for abortion method using \u2019willingness to pay\u2019: a useful research technique for measuring values","volume":"27","author":"S Gibb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0252005.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb12028.x","article-title":"Medical abortion or vacuum aspiration? Two year follow up of a patient preference trial","volume":"104","author":"FL Howie","year":"1997","journal-title":"British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0252005.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14401","article-title":"Experiences and characteristics of women seeking and completing at-home medical termination of pregnancy through online telemedicine in Ireland and Northern Ireland: a population-based analysis","volume":"124","author":"A Aiken","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref111","article-title":"Support for and interest in alternative models of medication abortion provision among a national probability sample of U.S. women","author":"MA Biggs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00175-1","article-title":"Women\u2019s perspectives on abortion in Romania","volume":"42","author":"BR Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0252005.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2012.702777","article-title":"Exploring the pathways of unsafe abortion in Madhya Pradesh, India","volume":"7","author":"SK Banerjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0252005.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2307\/2950750","article-title":"Abortion in Context: Women\u2019s Experience in Two Villages in Thai Binh Province, Vietnam","volume":"22","author":"A Johansson","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Family Planning Perspectives"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1177\/008124639702700403","article-title":"Experiences of induced abortion among a group of South African women","volume":"27","author":"S Suffla","year":"1997","journal-title":"South African journal of psychology = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir sielkunde"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0252005.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1363\/3711005","article-title":"Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives","volume":"37","author":"LB Finer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1363\/3900607","article-title":"Abortion among young women and subsequent life outcomes","volume":"39","author":"DM Fergusson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perspectives on Sexual & Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0252005.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gyobfe.2013.05.001","article-title":"Caract\u00e9ristiques sociod\u00e9mographiques et m\u00e9dicales des interruptions volontaires de grossesse des mineures en Guadeloupe","volume":"42","author":"F Flory","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gyn\u00e9cologie Obst\u00e9trique & Fertilit\u00e9"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0252005.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(01)90006-0","article-title":"Single women\u2019s experiences of premarital pregnancy and induced abortion in Lombok, Eastern Indonesia","volume":"9","author":"LR Bennett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2013.00574.x","article-title":"Son Preference and the Persistence of Culture: Evidence from South and East Asian Immigrants to Canada","volume":"39","author":"D Almond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00060-X","article-title":"Knowledge about contraception in women undergoing repeat voluntary abortions, and means of prevention","volume":"104","author":"S Alouini","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"},{"issue":"31, Supplement","key":"pone.0252005.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(08)31377-9","article-title":"Factors Influencing the Percentage of Second Trimester Abortions in the Netherlands","volume":"16","author":"O Loeber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252005.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670701732657","article-title":"Abortion and the struggle to be good in the 1970s","volume":"42","author":"J Wainer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0252005.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90226-7","article-title":"Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context","volume":"38","author":"S Thaddeus","year":"1994","journal-title":"Social science & medicine"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref125","article-title":"Nirdh\u0101ra: a multimethod study of women\u2019s abortion trajectories in Karnataka","author":"R Nandagiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"India: The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)"},{"key":"pone.0252005.ref126","article-title":"COVID-19 and Abortion: Making Structural Violence Visible","author":"R Nandagiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Perspectives on Sexual & Reproductive Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0252005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T17:54:05Z","timestamp":1623261245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0252005"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hannah E","family":"Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0252005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]}}}