{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:14:36Z","timestamp":1788412476804,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Investment ID OPP1142889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Investment ID OPP1142889"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Two probability surveys, conducted in the same districts of Bihar, India (Aurangabad and Gopalganj) at approximately the same time in 2016 using identical questionnaires and similar survey methods, produced significantly different responses for 37.2% (58\/156) of the indicator comparisons. Interviewers for one survey were men while for the other they were women. Respondents were mothers of children aged 0\u201359 months living in a traditional rural setting. We examined the influence of interviewer gender on mothers\u2019 survey responses and their implications for interpreting survey results.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We used qualitative methods including 10 focus group discussions (FGDs) and 33 in-depth interviews (IDIs) in the same locations as the 2016 surveys. FGD participants were purposefully selected mothers with children 0\u201359 months, husbands and other in-law family members. IDIs were carried out with frontline health-workers, enumerators and supervisors from the two previous household surveys.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Findings revealed a preference for female interviewers for household surveys in study districts as they facilitated access to mothers and reduced their discomfort as survey participants. However, this gender preference was related to the survey question. Regardless of age, caste and educational level, most mothers were not permitted to communicate with men (aside from husbands) about female-specific health topics, including birth preparedness, delivery, menstrual cycles, contraception, breastfeeding, sexual behaviour, sexually transmitted disease, and domestic violence. Mothers in higher castes perceived these social restrictions more acutely than mothers in lower castes. There was no systematic direction of the resulting error. Mothers were willing to discuss child health issues with interviewers of either gender.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Interviewer gender is an important consideration when designing survey protocols for maternal and reproductive health studies and when selecting and training enumerators. Female interviewers are optimal for traditional settings in Bihar as they are more likely to obtain accurate data on sensitive topics and reduce the potential for non-sampling error due to their reduced social distance with maternal respondents.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T17:22:03Z","timestamp":1623864123000},"page":"e0252120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Does interviewer gender influence a mother\u2019s response to household surveys about maternal and child health in traditional settings? A qualitative study in Bihar, India"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0259-0011","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nancy","family":"Vollmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansha","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navika","family":"Harshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6575-6592","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Valadez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0252120.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyp046","article-title":"Interviewer effects in public health surveys","volume":"25","author":"R Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Education Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0252120.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024882714254","article-title":"The Effect of Interviewer Gender on the Survey Response","volume":"19","author":"L Huddy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Political Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0252120.ref003","first-page":"175","article-title":"Explaining Interviewer Effects: A Research Synthesis","volume":"5","author":"B West","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology"},{"key":"pone.0252120.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0703-2","article-title":"The influence of interviewers on survey responses among female sex workers in Zambia","volume":"19","author":"G Harling","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"pone.0252120.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.5.859","article-title":"Sensitive questions in surveys","volume":"133","author":"R YT Tourangeau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"763\u2013792","key":"pone.0252120.ref006","article-title":"The power of the interviewer","volume":"28","author":"S. 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