{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:01:25Z","timestamp":1787022085130,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["BactiVac grant # BVNC P-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BactiVac grant # BVNC P-04"]}]},{"name":"GCRF","award":["BactiVac grant # BVNC P-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BactiVac grant # BVNC P-04"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BactiVac grant # BVNC P-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BactiVac grant # BVNC P-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes for Health (NIH), USA","award":["R01 grant 1R01AI099601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 grant 1R01AI099601"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Shigellosis, is a leading cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea and related mortality in young children in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Knowledge on naturally acquired immunity can support the development of\n Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n candidate vaccines mostly needed in LMICs. We aimed to quantify\n Shigella-<\/jats:italic>\n specific antibodies of maternal origin and those naturally acquired in Zambian infants.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Plasma samples collected from infants at age 6, 14 and 52-weeks were tested for\n Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n (\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n and\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n 2a) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and A (IgA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n At 6 weeks infant age, the IgG geometric mean titres (GMT) against\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n (N = 159) and\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n 2a (N = 135) LPS were 311 (95% CI 259\u2013372) and 446 (95% CI 343\u2013580) respectively. By 14 weeks, a decline in IgG GMT was observed for both\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n to 104 (95% CI 88\u2013124), and\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n 2a to 183 (95% CI 147\u2013230). Both\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n and\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n 2a specific IgG GMT continued to decrease by 52 weeks infant age when compared to 6 weeks. In 27% and 8% of infants a significant rise in titre (4 fold and greater) against\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n 2a and\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n LPS, respectively, was detected between the ages of 14 and 52 weeks.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IgA levels against both species LPS were very low at 6 and 14 weeks and raised significantly against\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n 2a and\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n LPS in 29% and 10% of the infants, respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n In our setting, transplacental IgG anti-\n Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n LPS is present at high levels in early infancy, and begins to decrease by age 14 weeks. Our results are consistent with early exposure to Shigella and indicate naturally acquired IgG and IgA antibodies to\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n 2a and\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n LPS in part of infants between 14 and 52 weeks of age. These results suggest that a potential timing of vaccination would be after 14 and before 52 weeks of age to ensure early infant protection against shigellosis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T15:28:39Z","timestamp":1622129319000},"page":"e0252222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Shigella-specific antibodies in the first year of life among Zambian infants: A longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7850-7915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caroline 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