{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:08:53Z","timestamp":1792120133808,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the grants-in-aid from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan","award":["23792624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23792624"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the relationship between high-frequency heart rate variability (HF HRV) and continuous daytime sitting time in patients with cardiovascular risk factors such as mild hypertension and\/or stable angina pectoris.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Decreased HF HRV precedes the progression and worsening of cardiovascular diseases. Continuous sitting behavior is a major risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome and is associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease can be affected by continuous daytime sitting behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The present study design was a post-hoc comparison.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients treated at two different primary care clinics from 2014 to 2018 were enrolled in this study (n = 53). We assessed HF HRV and continuous sitting time using 24-hour Holter electrocardiography and an activity meter at baseline and 6 months. HF HRV was calculated during sleep.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sitting time had decreased in 22 patients (decreased group) and increased in 31 patients (increased group) after 6 months. The mean patient ages were 73.1 and 72.0 years in the decreased and increased sitting time groups, respectively (p = 0.503). HF HRV during sleep had increased after 6 months in the decreased sitting time group. Compared with the increased group, the decreased group showed significantly higher HF HRV during sleep after 6 months by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA after adjustment for age, sex and change in activity (p = 0.045).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec006\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These results suggest that a decrease in sitting time might induce parasympathetic activity during sleep. Therefore, reducing continuous sitting time during the day might contribute, in part, to improving the prognosis of patients with cardiovascular risk factors not only by avoiding muscle loss but also by providing positive influences on parasympathetic tone during sleep.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T17:30:15Z","timestamp":1623864615000},"page":"e0253399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Decreased continuous sitting time increases heart rate variability in patients with cardiovascular risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9487-6676","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natsuki","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Miyachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Tamakoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Negi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Hirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0253399.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868","article-title":"Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use","volume":"17","author":"M Malik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.09.543","article-title":"The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"141","author":"JF Thayer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eus341","article-title":"Heart rate variability and first cardiovascular event in populations without known cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis and dose-response meta-regression","volume":"15","author":"S Hillebrand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945918824603","article-title":"Napping improves HRV in older patients with cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"41","author":"N Nakayama","year":"2019","journal-title":"West J Nurs Res"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12120","article-title":"Life activities improve heart rate variability in patients with mild hypertension and\/or the initial stage of heart failure","volume":"23","author":"N Nakayama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945919864700","article-title":"Increased activity in patients with cardiovascular risk factors increases heart rate variability","volume":"42","author":"N Nakayama","year":"2020","journal-title":"West J Nurs Res"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.02.094","article-title":"Lifestyle advice and interventions for cardiovascular risk reduction: a systematic review of guidelines.","volume":"263","author":"MY Khanji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-014-0444-y","article-title":"Lifestyle strategies for cardiovascular risk reduction","volume":"16","author":"JM Rippe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu191","article-title":"Exercise and cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension","volume":"28","author":"JE Sharman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2895-y","article-title":"Associations between sedentary behaviour and body composition, muscle function and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"26","author":"J Gianoudis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2017-0204","article-title":"The association of sitting time with sarcopenia status and physical performance at baseline and 18-month follow-up in the residential aged care setting","volume":"26","author":"N Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0000000000000092","article-title":"Self-reported sitting time is associated with decreased mobility in older adults","volume":"40","author":"CH Yen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Geriatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref013","first-page":"42","article-title":"A computational evaluation of sedentary lifestyle effects on carotid hemodynamics and atherosclerotic events incidence","volume":"19","author":"MV Caruso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng Biomech"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000436752.99896.22","article-title":"Secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in older adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"128","author":"JL Fleg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12983","article-title":"The brown bear as a translational model for sedentary lifestyle-related diseases","volume":"287","author":"O Fr\u00f6bert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.15280\/jlm.2017.7.2.69","article-title":"Adverse effects of prolonged sitting behavior on the general health of office workers.","volume":"7","author":"H Daneshmandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.098061","article-title":"Television watching, leisure time physical activity, and the genetic predisposition in relation to body mass index in women and men","volume":"126","author":"Q Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16040650","article-title":"Objectively measured sitting and standing in workers: cross-sectional relationship with autonomic cardiac modulation","volume":"16","author":"DM Hallman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4428-6","article-title":"Association of sitting time and breaks in sitting with muscle mass, strength, function, and inflammation in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"29","author":"N Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14811","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121114811","article-title":"Prolonged sitting is associated with attenuated heart rate variability during sleep in blue-collar workers","volume":"12","author":"DM Hallman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2012-0423","article-title":"Sedentary behaviors, leisure-time physical inactivity, and chronic diseases in Brazilian workers: a cross sectional study","volume":"11","author":"LM Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pone.0253399.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2018.03.005","article-title":"Heart rate variability following combined aerobic and resistance training in sedentary hypertensive women: a randomised control trial","volume":"70","author":"S Masroor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.90100.2007","article-title":"Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6","volume":"88","author":"BK Pedersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0748-4","article-title":"Irisin levels are not associated to resistance training-induced alterations in body mass composition in older untrained women with and without obesity","volume":"21","author":"RA Tibana","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00171","article-title":"Effects of 12 weeks resistance training on serum irisin in older male adults","volume":"8","author":"J Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e315","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.12789","article-title":"A preliminary study to identify the likely risk for sarcopenia in older hospitalised patients with cardiovascular disease in Vietnam","volume":"39","author":"T Van Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australas J Ageing"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00093","article-title":"Usability issues of clinical and research applications of virtual reality in older people: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"C Tuena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2020.03.004","article-title":"The prevalence of sarcopenia and subtypes in cardiovascular diseases, and a new diagnostic approach","volume":"76","author":"KI Sasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13876","article-title":"Utility of the sarcopenia index for assessment of muscle mass and nutritional status in patients with chronic heart failure: comparison with anthropometric parameters","volume":"20","author":"K Abe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int."},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2020.35.1.1","article-title":"Impact of skeletal muscle mass on metabolic health","volume":"35","author":"G Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.01.004","article-title":"Factors associated with sarcopenia: a cross-sectional analysis using UK Biobank","volume":"133","author":"F Petermann-Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maturitas."},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref032","first-page":"747","article-title":"Heart and skeletal muscles: linked by autonomic nervous system","volume":"112","author":"CG Araujo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2018.01.006","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated to an impaired autonomic heart rate modulation in community-dwelling old adults","volume":"76","author":"VP Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref034","first-page":"739","article-title":"Sympatho-vagal imbalance is associated with sarcopenia in male patients with heart failure","volume":"112","author":"G Fonseca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0253399.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2015.1074065","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in elderly women with myocardial infarction","volume":"31","author":"AO Pinheiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0253399","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T17:30:56Z","timestamp":1623864656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0253399"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sharon Mary","family":"Brownie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0253399","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]}}}