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We hypothesize that human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) are anti-inflammatory and reduce lung injury in preterm lambs born after antenatal exposure to inflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant ewes received either intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide (LPS, from<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>055:B5; 4mg) or saline (Sal) on day 126 of gestation. Lambs were delivered by cesarean section at 128 d gestation (term ~150 d). Lambs received intravenous hAECs (LPS\/hAECs: n = 7; 30x10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>cells) or equivalent volumes of saline (LPS\/Sal, n = 10; or Sal\/Sal, n = 9) immediately after birth. Respiratory support was gradually de-escalated, aimed at early weaning from mechanical ventilation towards unassisted respiration. Lung tissue was collected 1 week after birth. Lung morphology was assessed and mRNA levels for inflammatory mediators were measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respiratory support required by LPS\/hAEC lambs was not different to Sal\/Sal or LPS\/Sal lambs. Lung tissue:airspace ratio was lower in the LPS\/Sal compared to Sal\/Sal lambs (P&lt;0.05), but not LPS\/hAEC lambs. LPS\/hAEC lambs tended to have increased septation in their lungs versus LPS\/Sal (P = 0.08). Expression of inflammatory cytokines was highest in LPS\/hAECs lambs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Postnatal administration of a single dose of hAECs stimulates a pulmonary immune response without changing ventilator requirements in preterm lambs born after intrauterine inflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T17:23:17Z","timestamp":1624641797000},"page":"e0253456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The effect of human amnion epithelial cells on lung development and inflammation in preterm lambs exposed to antenatal inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4709-6017","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paris Clarice","family":"Papagianis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6293-670X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siavash","family":"Ahmadi-Noorbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Euan","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Polglase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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