{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:19:53Z","timestamp":1787314793297,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In order to develop a fast combined method for onychomycosis treatment using an\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and an\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    models, a combination of two dual-diode lasers at 405 nm and 639 nm wavelengths, in a continuous manner, together with different ozone concentrations (until 80 ppm), was used for performing the experiments on fungal strains growing on PDA agar medium or on pig\u2019s hooves samples. In the\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    model experiments, with 30 min combined treatment, all species are inhibited at 40 ppm ozone concentration, except\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>brevicaulis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which didn\u2019t show an inhibition in comparison with only ozone treatment. In the\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    model experiments, with the same duration and ozone concentration,\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>chrysogenum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>floccosum<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed total inhibition;\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mentagrophytes<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed a 75% growth inhibition;\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed a delay in sporulation; and\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>brevicaulis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>terreus<\/jats:italic>\n                    did not show growth inhibition. This combined laser and ozone treatment may be developed as a fast therapy for human onychomycosis, as a potential alternative to the use of antifungal drugs with potential side effects and long duration treatments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T13:46:15Z","timestamp":1625060775000},"page":"e0253979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Combined laser and ozone therapy for onychomycosis in an in vitro and ex vivo model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Javier","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"del Valle Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio J.","family":"Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5212-6199","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Felipe","family":"Lomb\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0253979.ref001","first-page":"100920","article-title":"The first case of fingernail onychomycosis due to Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae, molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility","author":"GR Shokoohi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"pone.0253979.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.05.1260","article-title":"Onychomycosis: Treatment and prevention of recurrence","volume":"80","author":"SR Lipner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0253979.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.03.062","article-title":"Onychomycosis: Clinical overview and diagnosis","volume":"80","author":"SR Lipner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0253979.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2020.12.009","article-title":"Pathology of the Nail Unit","volume":"39","author":"BS Ruben","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"pone.0253979.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12542","article-title":"Onychomycosis in patients with nail psoriasis: a point to point discussion","volume":"60","author":"D Rigopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"pone.0253979.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.498","article-title":"New Insights into Genes, Immunity, and the Occurrence of Dermatophytosis","volume":"135","author":"MT Garc\u00eda-Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0253979.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12873","article-title":"The prevalence of culture-confirmed toenail onychomycosis in at-risk patient populations","volume":"29","author":"AK Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatology Venereol"},{"key":"pone.0253979.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2018.07.005","article-title":"Onychomycosis: Which fungal species are involved? 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