{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T18:39:19Z","timestamp":1782931159748,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DM 11\/05\/2017 n. 262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM 11\/05\/2017 n. 262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) can influence emotional predictions, constructed by the brain (<jats:italic>generation<\/jats:italic> stage) to prearrange action (<jats:italic>implementation<\/jats:italic> stage), and update internal models according to incoming stimuli (<jats:italic>updating<\/jats:italic> stage). However, neurocomputational mechanisms by which IU affects emotional predictions are unclear. This high-density EEG study investigated if IU predicted event-related potentials (ERPs) and brain sources activity developing along the stages of emotional predictions, as a function of contextual uncertainty. Thirty-six undergraduates underwent a S1-S2 paradigm, with emotional faces and pictures as S1s and S2s, respectively. Contextual uncertainty was manipulated across three blocks, each with <jats:italic>100%<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>75%<\/jats:italic>, or <jats:italic>50%<\/jats:italic> S1-S2 emotional congruency. ERPs, brain sources and their relationship with IU scores were analyzed for each stage. IU did not affect prediction <jats:italic>generation<\/jats:italic>. During prediction <jats:italic>implementation<\/jats:italic>, higher IU predicted larger Contingent Negative Variation in the <jats:italic>75%<\/jats:italic> block, and lower left anterior cingulate cortex and supplementary motor area activations. During prediction <jats:italic>updating<\/jats:italic>, as IU increased P2 to positive S2s decreased, along with P2 and Late Positive Potential in the <jats:italic>75%<\/jats:italic> block, and right orbito-frontal cortex activity to emotional S2s. IU was therefore associated with altered uncertainty assessment and heightened attention deployment during <jats:italic>implementation<\/jats:italic>, and to uncertainty avoidance, reduced attention to safety cues and disrupted access to emotion regulation strategies during prediction <jats:italic>updating<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T18:22:53Z","timestamp":1625163773000},"page":"e0254045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Dealing with uncertainty: A high-density EEG investigation on how intolerance of uncertainty affects emotional predictions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3963-0582","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fiorella","family":"Del Popolo Cristaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1529-2056","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Mento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Sarlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Buodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254045.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/cpsp.12077","article-title":"Extension of the Transdiagnostic Model to Focus on Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Treatment.","volume":"21","author":"DA Einstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Pract."},{"key":"pone.0254045.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.03.011","article-title":"Fear of the unknown: One fear to rule them all?","volume":"41","author":"RN Carleton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"pone.0254045.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.02.007","article-title":"Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty.","volume":"39","author":"RN Carleton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"pone.0254045.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.05.001","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty in emotional disorders: What uncertainties remain?","volume":"41","author":"S Shihata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254045.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.03.014","article-title":"Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale.","volume":"21","author":"RN Carleton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0254045.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3524","article-title":"Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: An integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective.","volume":"14","author":"DW Grupe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0254045.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.12.82","article-title":"The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: theoretical and practical perspectives.","volume":"12","author":"RN Carleton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0254045.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614553789","article-title":"The Structure of Cognitive Vulnerabilities to Depression and Anxiety: Evidence for a Common Core Etiologic Process Based on a Meta-Analytic Review.","volume":"3","author":"RY Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254045.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2011.622131","article-title":"Trait Versus Situation-Specific Intolerance of Uncertainty in a Clinical Sample with Anxiety and Depressive Disorders.","volume":"41","author":"AEJ Mahoney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"pone.0254045.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.01.001","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty: Neural and psychophysiological correlates of the perception of uncertainty as threatening.","volume":"60","author":"E Tanovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254045.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X12000477","article-title":"Whatever next? 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