{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T08:13:33Z","timestamp":1778228013796,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State Research Support Foundation","award":["Grant: 2017 \/ 26262-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant: 2017 \/ 26262-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess kinematic parameters and proximal and distal reaching adjustments of infants at biological or environmental risk and compare with reaching performance of six-month-old full-term infants without known risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This blinded cross-sectional study included 62 infants at six months of age divided into three independent groups: Group with no known risk factor (NRF), 28 full-terms with no risk factors; Low SES group (LSES):19 full-terms classified as low socioeconomic status and no biological risk; Very preterm group (VPT), 15 very preterm infants at six months corrected age and no environmental risk. Infants were placed in a reclined baby chair at 45\u00b0, and a malleable and unfamiliar object was presented to the infant at 5-second intervals to elicit reaching movements.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Infants from LSES presented reaching duration (p = 0.032, Cohen\u2019s f = 0.349) and movement unit (p = 0.033, Cohen\u2019s f = 0.351) significantly higher than VPT group. Horizontal hand orientation was moderately associated with infants at environmental risk (p = 0.031; Cramer\u2019s V = 0.30).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Infants of low socioeconomic status perform less functional reaching movements than very preterm infants at six months corrected age. Socioeconomic status may impact more on reaching skills than biological risk. Given the importance of reaching for infant development, low-cost public health strategies are needed to identify possible delays.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T18:30:05Z","timestamp":1625164205000},"page":"e0254106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reaching skills in six-month-old infants at environmental and biological risk"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9566-1228","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liz","family":"Ara\u00fajo Rohr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thais Inven\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murilo Mageste de","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eloisa","family":"Tudella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0254106.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1994.1047","article-title":"The effect of body orientation to gravity on early infant reaching","volume":"Vol. 58","author":"GJP Savelsbergh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0254106.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.22.5.1059","article-title":"Development of Reaching during the First Year: Role of Movement Speed","volume":"22","author":"E Thelen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254106.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552013005000099","article-title":"Influence of specific training on spatio-temporal parameters at the onset of goal-directed reaching in infants: A controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"AB Cunha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brazilian J Phys Ther"},{"key":"pone.0254106.ref004","first-page":"160","article-title":"Development of visually directed reaching: the approach phase","volume":"5","author":"C. von Hofsten","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Human Movement Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254106.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.2307\/1131327","article-title":"The Transition to Reaching: Mapping Intention and Intrinsic Dynamics","volume":"64","author":"E Thelen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0254106.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000058925.94994.BC","article-title":"Kinematic quality of reaching movements in preterm infants","volume":"53","author":"B Fallang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0254106.ref007","first-page":"425","article-title":"Two different methods for kinematic analysis of head movements relating to eye-head coordination in infants","volume":"12","author":"CD Lima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Bras Fisioter"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254106.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2006.07.006","article-title":"Spatio-temporal parameters in infant\u2019s reaching movements are influenced by body orientation","volume":"30","author":"RP Carvalho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254106.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1991.9942039","article-title":"Structuring of early reaching movements: A longitudinal study","volume":"23","author":"C von Hofsten","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254106.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-0964-6","article-title":"Postural adjustments and reaching in 4- and 6-month-old infants: An EMG and kinematical study","volume":"181","author":"VB de Graaf-Peters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254106.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00231-X","article-title":"Goal directed reaching and postural control in supine position in healthy infants","volume":"115","author":"B Fallang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0254106.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2015.06.003","article-title":"Maturational and situational determinants of reaching at its onset","volume":"41","author":"AB Cunha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254106.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2009.10.006","article-title":"Development of proximal arm muscle control during reaching in young infants: From variation to selection","volume":"33","author":"H Bakker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"pone.0254106.ref014","unstructured":"Toledo, AM.; Soares-Marangoni, DA.; Fonseca, MV.; Tudella, E. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o ao alcance manual de lactentes. In: Tudella, E.; Toledo, A.M.; Lima-Alvarez, C.D. (org). Interven\u00e7\u00e3o precoce evid\u00eancias para a pr\u00e1tica cl\u00ednica em lactentes de risco. 1aEd., Appris. 2019:155\u2013170."},{"key":"pone.0254106.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2005.05.005","article-title":"The effect of task constraints on infants\u2019 (bi)manual strategy for grasping and exploring objects","volume":"28","author":"J Fagard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"pone.0254106.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(01)00047-9","article-title":"Linked proximal and distal changes in the reaching behavior of 5-to 12 month-old human infants grasping objects of different sizes","volume":"23","author":"J Fagard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"pone.0254106.ref017","first-page":"312","volume-title":"CIF-CJ: Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Sa\u00fade: vers\u00e3o para crian\u00e7as e jovens","author":"Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Mundial da Sa\u00fade (OMS)","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254106.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326888chc2101_6","article-title":"Risk Factors for Developmental Delay Among Infants and Toddlers","volume":"21","author":"EH King","year":"1992","journal-title":"Child Heal Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254106.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2007.12.006","article-title":"The development of reaching behavior in low-risk preterm infants","volume":"31","author":"AM Toledo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"pone.0254106.ref020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influence of sitting positions and level of trunk control during reaching movements in late preterm and full-term infants","volume":"6","author":"NTDS Sato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254106.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2538-x","article-title":"Reaching strategies of very preterm infants at 8 months corrected age","volume":"209","author":"H Gr\u00f6nqvist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"May","key":"pone.0254106.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2019.101333","article-title":"Reaching skills of infants born very preterm predict neurodevelopment at 2.5 years","volume":"57","author":"YF Kaul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"pone.0254106.ref023","unstructured":"Cabral TI. Proposta de interven\u00e7\u00e3o motora e treino de alcance manual para a promo\u00e7\u00e3o do desenvolvimento motor e do alcance manual em lactentes abrigados [Thesis]. S\u00e3o Carlos: Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos; 2017. 96 p."},{"key":"pone.0254106.ref024","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology","author":"U Bronfenbrenner","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254106.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21423","article-title":"Socioeconomic status affects oral and manual exploration across the first year","volume":"35","author":"MW Clearfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infant Mental Health Journal"},{"key":"pone.0254106.ref026","unstructured":"Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Mundial da Sa\u00fade (OMS). Nacimientos prematuros. 2016. http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs363\/es\/."},{"key":"pone.0254106.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.03.007","article-title":"Prematurity may negatively impact means-end problem solving across the first two years of life","volume":"81","author":"AB Cunha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0254106.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2010.05.003","article-title":"Socioeconomic and Ethnic Disparities in Cardiovascular Risk In the United States, 2001\u20132006","volume":"20","author":"AS Karlamangla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254106.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(01)00049-2","article-title":"Motor constraints on the development of perception-action matching in infant reaching","volume":"23","author":"D Corbetta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254106.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2011.552076","article-title":"Proximal and distal adjustments of reaching behavior in preterm infants","volume":"43","author":"AM Toledo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0254106.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2007.06.001","article-title":"Early control of reaching: Effects of experience and body orientation","volume":"31","author":"RP Carvalho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254106.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.17.2.123","article-title":"Effect of training at different body positions on proximal and distal reaching adjustments at the onset of goal-directed reaching: A controlled clinical trial","volume":"17","author":"AB Cunha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0254106.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.09.028","article-title":"The effect of a short bout of practice on reaching behavior in late preterm infants at the onset of reaching: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"DA Soares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254106.ref034","first-page":"1238","article-title":"The Control of Reaching Movements by Young Infants Mathew and Cook 1239","volume":"61","author":"A Mathew","year":"1990","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0254106.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.17.4.340","article-title":"Reaching behavior in preterm infants during the first year of life: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"EL Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2013","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"key":"pone.0254106.ref036","first-page":"1988","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0254106.ref037","first-page":"19","article-title":"The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size","volume":"1","author":"M Tomczak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Sport Sci"},{"key":"pone.0254106.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"Vol. 112","author":"J Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0254106.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2011.01084.x","article-title":"Reaching experience increases face preference in 3-month-old infants","volume":"14","author":"K Libertus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"pone.0254106.ref040","unstructured":"Greco ALR. Efeito do treino precoce com luvas abertas aderentes no aprimoramento do alcance de lactentes de baixo n\u00edvel socioecon\u00f4mico: ensaio cl\u00ednico randomizado. [Thesis]. S\u00e3o Carlos: Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos; 2020. 127 p."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0254106.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13073","article-title":"Effects of home and education environments on children\u2019s motor performance in China","volume":"58","author":"J Hua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0254106.ref042","first-page":"183","article-title":"Locomotion and Posture Development in Immature Male and Female Rats (Rattus norvegicus): Comparison of Sensory- Enriched versus Sensory-Deprived Testing Environments","volume":"133","author":"HE Swann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254106.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.07.006","article-title":"Influence of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement adn PE on brain development(ADHD)","volume":"35","author":"JM Halperin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0254106.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12079","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and functional brain development\u2014associations in early infancy","volume":"16","author":"P Tomalski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0254106.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.3139","article-title":"The effects of poverty on childhood brain development: The mediating effect of caregiving and stressful life events","volume":"167","author":"J Luby","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254106.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(80)90032-8","article-title":"The preterm in the extrauterine environment. Implications for neurolog","volume":"4","author":"BCL Touwen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0254106.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0112","article-title":"The new affordances in the home environment for motor development\u2014infant scale (AHEMD-IS): Versions in English and Portuguese languages","volume":"19","author":"PM Ca\u00e7ola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254106.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2012.02.002","article-title":"Effect of the home environment on motor and cognitive behavior of infants","volume":"35","author":"AF Miquelote","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"pone.0254106.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.11.015","article-title":"Brief reaching training with \u201csticky mittens\u201d in preterm infants: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"63","author":"AL Nascimento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0254106.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2015.1022247","article-title":"Immediate effect of training at the onset of reaching in preterm infants: Randomized clinical trial","volume":"47","author":"EL Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0254106.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.7322\/jhgd.89621","article-title":"Influence of short-term training on the distal adjustments of reaching in preterm infants","volume":"25","author":"EL Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hum Growth Dev"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0254106.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.07.041","article-title":"Differences between late preterm and full-term infants: Comparing effects of a short bout of practice on early reaching behavior","volume":"35","author":"DA Soares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0254106.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613479974","article-title":"Physically Developed and Exploratory Young Infants Contribute to Their Own Long-Term Academic Achievement","volume":"24","author":"MH Bornstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T18:30:56Z","timestamp":1625164256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254106"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Capio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254106","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]}}}