{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:41:45Z","timestamp":1792802505198,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The India Council for Agricultural Research, Government of India, New Delhi","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036h6g940","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Q Fever is a zoonotic disease of significant animal and public health concern, caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii (C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>burnetii)<\/jats:italic>\n                    , an obligate intracellular bacterium. This study was done to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity (D\n                    <jats:italic>Se<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and diagnostic specificity (D\n                    <jats:italic>Sp<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) of three diagnostic methods to diagnose\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in cattle and buffaloes in Punjab, India: an indirect ELISA method applied in serum samples and a trans-Polymerase Chain Reaction (trans-PCR) technique applied in milk samples and genital swabs, using a Bayesian latent class analysis. Conditional independence was assumed between the tests, given (i) the different biological principle of ELISA and trans-PCR and (ii) the fact that the trans-PCR was performed on different tissues. The ELISA method in the serum samples showed the highest D\n                    <jats:italic>Se<\/jats:italic>\n                    of 0.97 (95% Probability Intervals (PIs): 0.93; 0.99) compared to the trans-PCR method applied in milk samples 0.76 (0.63; 0.87) and genital swabs 0.73 (0.58; 0.85). The D\n                    <jats:italic>Sps<\/jats:italic>\n                    of all tests were high, with trans-PCR in genital swabs recording the highest D\n                    <jats:italic>Sp<\/jats:italic>\n                    of 0.99 (0.98; 1), while the D\n                    <jats:italic>Sp<\/jats:italic>\n                    of trans-PCR in milk samples and ELISA in serum samples were 0.97 (0.95; 0.99) and 0.95 (0.93; 0.97) respectively. The study results show that none of the applied tests are perfect, therefore, a testing regimen based on the diagnostic characteristic of the tests may be considered for diagnosis of\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T13:51:12Z","timestamp":1651758672000},"page":"e0254303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of three diagnostic tests for Coxiella burnetii infection in cattle and buffaloes in Punjab (India) using Bayesian latent class analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2862-7182","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Meletis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1041-3696","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ravikiran","family":"Keshavamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balbir Bagicha","family":"Singh Dhaliwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabinder Singh","family":"Aulakh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4362-3596","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Navneet","family":"Dhand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polychronis","family":"Kostoulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0254303.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1937.tb43743.x","article-title":"\"Q\" Fever, a New Fever Entity: Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Laboratory Investigation","volume":"2","author":"EH Derrick","year":"1937","journal-title":"Med. 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