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It is renowned for its exceptional preservation and abundance of vertebrate fossils, including a rich assemblage of whales and dolphins (Cetacea). Here, we integrate taphonomic data on 890 marine vertebrate fossils, gathered through 16 different localities. Our observations range from the taxonomic distribution, articulation, completeness, disposition and orientation of skeletons, to the presence of bite marks, associations with shark teeth and macro-invertebrates, bone and soft tissue preservation, and the formation of attendant carbonate concretions and sedimentary structures. We propose that the exceptional preservation characterising many Pisco vertebrates, as well as their exceptionally high abundance, cannot be ascribed to a single cause like high sedimentation rates (as proposed in the past), but rather to the interplay of several favourable factors including: (i) low levels of dissolved oxygen at the seafloor (with the intervention of seasonal anoxic events); (ii) the early onset of mineralisation processes like apatite dissolution\/recrystallisation and carbonate mineral precipitation; (iii) rapid burial of carcasses in a soupy substrate and\/or a novel mechanism involving scour-induced self-burial; and (iv) original biological richness. Collectively, our observations provide a comprehensive overview of the taphonomic processes that shaped one of South America\u2019s most important fossil deposits, and suggest a model for the formation of other marine vertebrate Fossil-Lagerst\u00e4tten.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T17:30:38Z","timestamp":1626370238000},"page":"e0254395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Taphonomy of marine vertebrates of the Pisco Formation (Miocene, Peru): Insights into the origin of an outstanding Fossil-Lagerst\u00e4tte"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8067-4926","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giulia","family":"Bosio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6513-8882","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alberto","family":"Collareta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Di Celma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0740-5791","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olivier","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix G.","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"de Muizon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gioncada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7978-7496","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karen","family":"Gariboldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Malinverno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Varas","family":"Malca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Urbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Bianucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0254395.ref001","article-title":"On Leonardo and a fossil whale: a reappraisal with implications for the early history of palaeontology","author":"A Collareta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hist Biol"},{"key":"pone.0254395.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20133316","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.3316","article-title":"Repeated mass strandings of Miocene marine mammals from Atacama Region o Chile point to sudden death at sea","volume":"281","author":"ND Pyenson","year":"2014","journal-title":"P R Soc B"},{"key":"pone.0254395.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1130\/G25509A.1","article-title":"Origin of a widespread marine bonebed deposited during the middle Miocene Climatic Optimum","volume":"37","author":"ND Pyenson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"pone.0254395.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1666\/13-005","article-title":"Taphonomic implications of barnacle encrusted sea lion bones from the Middle Pleistocene Port Orford Formation, coastal Oregon","volume":"87","author":"RW Boessenecker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Paleontol"},{"key":"pone.0254395.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2019.03.013","article-title":"Factors affecting the preservation and distribution of cetaceans in the lower Miocene Gaiman Formation of Patagonia, Argentina","volume":"526","author":"JI Cuiti\u00f1o","year":"2019","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr Palaeocl"},{"key":"pone.0254395.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.2110\/palo.2008.p08-080r","article-title":"Sequence stratigraphic control on preservation of late Eocene whales and other vertebrates at Wadi Al-Hitan","volume":"24","author":"SE Peters","year":"2009","journal-title":"Egypt. 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